Urbanization drives cross‐taxon declines in abundance and diversity at multiple spatial scales

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 26(3), С. 1196 - 1211

Опубликована: Ноя. 22, 2019

Abstract The increasing urbanization process is hypothesized to drastically alter (semi‐)natural environments with a concomitant major decline in species abundance and diversity. Yet, studies on this effect of urbanization, the spatial scale at which it acts, are present inconclusive due large heterogeneity taxonomic groups scales relationship has been investigated among studies. Comprehensive analysing across multiple animal rare, hampering assessment how biodiversity generally responds urbanization. We studied aquatic (cladocerans), limno‐terrestrial (bdelloid rotifers) terrestrial (butterflies, ground beetles, ground‐ web spiders, macro‐moths, orthopterans snails) invertebrate using hierarchical design, wherein three local‐scale (200 m × 200 m) levels were repeatedly sampled landscape‐scale (3 km 3 km) levels. tested for local landscape effects richness each group, whereby total was partitioned into average communities variation communities. Abundances active dispersers declined response reductions up 85% butterflies, while passive did not show any clear trend. Species also but responses highly heterogeneous different respect component impacts richness. Depending biotic homogenization and/or loss. This resulted an overall decrease urban areas. These results provide strong support general negative impact within habitat patches highlight importance considering taxa assess biodiversity.

Язык: Английский

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Urbanisation and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities

Journal of Ornithology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 160(3), С. 841 - 860

Опубликована: Апрель 11, 2019

Abstract The world is urbanising rapidly, and it predicted that by 2050, 66% of the global human population will be living in urban areas. Urbanisation characterised land-use changes such as increased residential housing, business development transport infrastructure, resulting habitat loss fragmentation. Over past two decades, interest has grown how urbanisation influences fundamental aspects avian biology life-history strategies, survival, breeding performance, behaviour individual health. Here, we review current knowledge on nesting birds, which determines important fitness-associated processes nest predation community assembly. We identify three major research areas: (i) sites birds areas, (ii) composition their nests, (iii) these influence persistence (and therefore conservation efforts) show inhabiting areas a wide variety locations, some beneficial through exploitation otherwise relatively empty ecological niches, but others detrimental when breed traps. describe urban-associated materials plastic cigarette butts, discuss several functional hypotheses propose adaptive value potential costs this new strategy. Urban provide to conserve nestboxes other artificial can used successfully some, not all, bird species. Finally, those subject warrant further attention hope advancing our understanding

Язык: Английский

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A review of urban impacts on avian life‐history evolution: Does city living lead to slower pace of life?

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 24(4), С. 1452 - 1469

Опубликована: Ноя. 23, 2017

The concept of a pace-of-life syndrome describes inter- and intraspecific variation in several life-history traits along slow-to-fast continuum, with long lifespans, low reproductive metabolic rates, elevated somatic defences at the slow end continuum opposite fast end. Pace-of-life can vary relation to local environmental conditions (e.g. latitude, altitude), here we propose that this may also occur an anthropogenically modified gradient. Based on body literature supporting idea city birds have longer predict urban slower compared rural thus invest more self maintenance less annual reproduction. Our statistical meta-analysis two key related pace-of-life, survival breeding investment (clutch size), indicated generally higher survival, but smaller clutch sizes. latter finding (smaller clutches habitats) seemed be mainly characteristic passerines. We reviewed urbanization studies other associated are either or self-maintenance. Though sample sizes were too small conduct formal meta-analyses, published suggests tend produce lower-quality sexual signals offspring care. is agreement adult hypothesis, proposing prospects favour fewer per year. According our differences age structure should arise between populations, providing novel alternative explanation for physiological earlier breeding. encourage research investigating how telomere dynamics, immune defences, antioxidants oxidative damage different tissues gradient, suggest applying framework gradient might next direction improve understanding as evolutionary process.

Язык: Английский

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Non‐linearities in bird responses across urbanization gradients: A meta‐analysis

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 24(3), С. 1046 - 1054

Опубликована: Окт. 28, 2017

Abstract Urbanization is one of the most extreme forms environmental alteration, posing a major threat to biodiversity. We studied effects urbanization on avian communities via systematic review using hierarchical and categorical meta‐analyses. Altogether, we found 42 observations from 37 case studies for species richness 23 20 abundance. had an overall strong negative effect bird richness, whereas abundance increased marginally with urbanization. There was no evidence that city size played role in influencing relationship between either or Studies examined long gradients (i.e. urban rural) were more likely detect than considered short vs. suburban rural areas). In contrast, little influenced by gradient length. Effects including public green spaces (parks other amenity areas) sampled landscapes. performed solely matrix spaces) revealed positive When performing subset analyses urban–suburban, suburban–rural suburban–natural comparisons, decreased natural areas, but stronger decrease at urban–suburban interface, showed clear intermediate peak along urban–rural although areas comparable areas. This suggests loss happens especially highest abundances occur compared Thus, our study shows importance where majority birds fairly high richness.

Язык: Английский

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The phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional breeding bird assemblages is reduced and constricted through urbanization

Diversity and Distributions, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 24(7), С. 928 - 938

Опубликована: Март 15, 2018

Abstract Aim Urbanization broadly affects the phylogenetic and functional diversity of natural communities through a variety processes including habitat loss introduction non‐native species. Due to challenge acquiring direct measurements, these effects have been studied primarily using “space‐for‐time” substitution where spatial urbanization gradients are used infer consequences occurring across time. The ability alternative sampling designs replicate findings derived space‐for‐time has not tested. Location Global. Methods We contrasted breeding bird assemblages in 58 cities worldwide with corresponding regional estimated geographic range maps. Results Compared assemblages, urban contained lower diversity, beta reduction least evolutionary distinct species most evolutionarily found no evidence that were related presence Urban fewer aquatic foraging distribution body size narrowed for at both tails distribution, especially large bodied distributed greater proportion classified as passerines, doves or pigeons; identified granivores; forage within vegetation air; more generalized associations strata. Main conclusions is associated overall constriction results largely those generated substitution, increasing our confidence quality combined inferences. When measurements unavailable, emphasize value developing independent methods broaden reinforce understanding ecological implications urbanization.

Язык: Английский

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The effects of local and landscape habitat attributes on bird diversity in urban greenspaces

Ecosphere, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(7)

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2018

Abstract Contrasting trajectories of biodiversity loss and urban expansion make it imperative to understand persistence in cities. Size‐, local‐, landscape‐level habitat factors greenspaces cities may be critical for future design management conserving bird biodiversity. Most current understanding communities has come from disparate analyses single cities, over relatively short time periods, producing limited processes characteristics patterns improved the world's We analyzed 112 51 across eight countries, using eB ird, a broadscale citizen science project. Species richness Shannon diversity were used as response variables, while percent tree cover, water vegetation index predictor variables at both landscape (5 25 km radius) local‐scale level (specific an individual greenspace) modeling process, retrieved Google Earth Engine. Area greenspace was most important biodiversity, underlining importance area factor increasing mitigating urbanization. Surprisingly, distance city center coast not significantly related Landscape‐scale predictors less than predictors. Ultimately, could mitigated by protecting developing large with varied

Язык: Английский

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Urbanization Is Associated with Divergence in Pace-of-Life in Great Tits

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 5

Опубликована: Май 29, 2017

As an extension of the classic life history theory, recently highlighted pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis predicts coevolution behavioural, physiological and life-history traits. For instance, bolder shyer individuals do not only differ in personality profiles, but also neuro-endocrinology breeding patterns. While theory that (i.e. proactive), more aggressive should colonize rapidly urbanized habitats than reactive), less individuals, it is predicted across generations, adaptive selection processes could favour are sensitive to novel environmental cues. Here we compared two traits (handling aggression, exploration score a environment), one trait related stress response (breath rate) four (lay date, clutch size, hatching success fledging success) rural urban study population Mediterranean great tits Parus major. Mixed models revealed strong phenotypic divergence between forest city most explored, particular personality, whereby were reactive faster explorers birds (yet aggressive). Urban laid smaller broods earlier spring their conspecifics, resulted lower yet interestingly was similar. Nest-box centered measures anthropogenic (artificial light, pedestrians cars) perturbation resource abundance allowed us go beyond classical forest/city comparison by exploring variation urbanization gradient. This high urbanisation nest-box surroundings associated overall with clutches, breath rate, although these trends showed annual variation. Ongoing rapid non-random gene flow both contribute prevalence bold breeders city. Our suggests existence tit ecotypes different pace-of-life, finer-scale along degree within Future studies required determine whether this at spatiotemporal scales has genetic basis or results from plasticity.

Язык: Английский

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Heterogeneous urban green areas are bird diversity hotspots: insights using continental-scale citizen science data

Landscape Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 34(6), С. 1231 - 1246

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2019

Язык: Английский

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A Research Agenda for Urban Biodiversity in the Global Extinction Crisis

BioScience, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 71(3), С. 268 - 279

Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2020

Abstract Rapid urbanization and the global loss of biodiversity necessitate development a research agenda that addresses knowledge gaps in urban ecology will inform policy, management, conservation. To advance this goal, we present six topics to pursue research: socioeconomic social–ecological drivers versus gain biodiversity; response technological change; biodiversity–ecosystem service relationships; areas as refugia for spatiotemporal dynamics species, community changes, underlying processes; ecological networks. We discuss overarching considerations offer set questions inspire support research. In parallel, advocate communication collaboration across many fields disciplines order build capacity research, education, practice. Taken together note play an important role addressing extinction crisis.

Язык: Английский

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Impacts of Urban Areas and Their Characteristics on Avian Functional Diversity

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 5

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2017

Urban development is rapidly expanding across the globe and a major driver of environmental change. Despite considerable improvements in our understanding how species richness responds to urbanisation, there still insufficient knowledge other measures assemblage composition structure respond urban development. Functional diversity metrics provide useful approach for quantifying ecological function. We compare avian functional 25 areas, located globe, with paired non-urban assemblages using database 27 traits that capture variation resource use (amount type resources they are acquired) 529 occurring these assemblages. Using three standard (FD, MNTD convex hull) we quantify observed and, standardized effect sizes, this diverges from expected under random community assembly null models. regression trees investigate whether human population density, amount vegetation city size (spatial extent land), bio-region semi-natural or agricultural as baseline modulate urbanisation on diversity. Our analyses suggest not consistently different After accounting higher cities than areas habitat. This creates paradox responses determined by their traits, which should generate clustered within narrow range trait space. Greater habitat compared dominated single may enhance explain paradox. Regression further smaller lower densities increased all areas. A city's attributes can thus influence its biological assemblages, associated functions. has important implications debate regarding grow world's whilst maintaining

Язык: Английский

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