Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 201(3), С. 733 - 750

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2013

Summary Plant secondary metabolites ( PSM s) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary presence and/or quantity, the composition of mixture chemicals vary, such that chemodiversity be partitioned within among individuals. ontogeny environmental genetic variation recognized as sources chemical variation, but recent advances understanding molecular basis may allow future deployment isogenic mutants to test specific adaptive function s. An important consequence high intraspecific is capacity evolve rapidly. It becoming increasingly clear trait variance linked both macro‐ micro‐environmental also respond more strongly selection than mean values. This research, which its infancy plants, highlights what could a missing piece picture evolution. polymorphisms probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across spatial temporal scales, convincing examples recognize diversity plant population structures rare. We describe how inherently beneficial for suggest fruitful avenues research untangle causes consequences variation. Contents 733 I. Introduction II. time: ontogeny, phenology induced defences 734 III. through space: role environment 735 IV. Genes biosynthetic pathways underlying V. Mechanisms diversification PSMs VI. Examples from 737 VII. How why maintained? 739 VIII. Evolvability 740 IX. Evolutionary strategies defence 742 X. Conclusions directions 744 Acknowledgements 745 References

Язык: Английский

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Uses and misuses of meta‐analysis in plant ecology

Journal of Ecology, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 102(4), С. 828 - 844

Опубликована: Июнь 23, 2014

Summary The number of published meta‐analyses in plant ecology has increased greatly over the last two decades. Meta‐analysis made a significant contribution to field, allowing review evidence for various ecological hypotheses and theories, estimation effects major environmental drivers (climate change, habitat fragmentation, invasive species, air pollution), assessment management conservation strategies, comparison across different temporal spatial scales, taxa ecosystems, as well research gap identification. We identified 322 field between 1996 2013 95 journals assessed their methodological reporting quality according standard criteria. Despite recent developments methodology meta‐analysis, was uneven showed little improvement time. found many cases imprecise inaccurate usage term ‘meta‐analysis’ ecology, particularly confusion meta‐analysis vote counting incorrect application statistical techniques designed primary studies meta‐analytical data, without recognition violation assumptions analyses. Methodological issues include incomplete search strategy used retrieve studies, failure test possible publication bias conduct sensitivity analysis robustness results, lack availability data set use is common community ecophysiology ecosystem but are more likely not meet criteria than papers other subdisciplines. Fewer have been conducted population ecology. Synthesis . Over past decades, ecologists embraced tool combine results much learned result. However, popularity grown, establishment standards, done disciplines, becomes increasingly important. In order improve future we suggest adoption checklist by synthesists, peer reviewers journal editors.

Язык: Английский

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Assessing the evidence for latitudinal gradients in plant defence and herbivory

Functional Ecology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 25(2), С. 380 - 388

Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2010

Summary 1. The idea that biotic interactions, including herbivory, predation and competition are more intense at lower latitudes is widely accepted underpins several dominant theories on the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity. Current theory also predicts interactions low will select plants for greater defence against herbivores. We reviewed literature to provide an assessment of evidence hypothesis herbivory latitudes, from better defended than high latitudes. 2. Only 37% 38 comparisons showed higher average effect size a meta‐analysis was not significantly different zero. Thus, available data do support generally tropics. 3. nine 56 found chemical defences overall, were This result counter predictions much literature. 4. A no significant latitude physical defence. 5. review feeding trials common garden experiments herbivores tend prefer tissue trend could stem differences overall captured by metrics used literature, but nutritional quality. 6. empirical widespread view or These results prevailing thought this topic, suggest field may be ripe development new theory.

Язык: Английский

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The Physiological Importance of Glucosinolates on Plant Response to Abiotic Stress in Brassica

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 14(6), С. 11607 - 11625

Опубликована: Май 30, 2013

Glucosinolates, a class of secondary metabolites, mainly found in Brassicaceae, are affected by the changing environment. This review is focusing on physiological significance glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products plant response to different abiotic stresses. Special attention paid crosstalk between some processes involved stress glucosinolate metabolism, with resulting connection both pathways which signaling mechanisms may act as signals themselves. The function glucosinolates, further than defense switching, discussed terms alleviating pathogen attack under stress. fact that exogenous addition alleviate certain conditions through its effect specific proteins described light recent reports, but molecular this merit research. Finally, transient allocation re-distribution environmental changes summarized.

Язык: Английский

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Biological and geophysical feedbacks with fire in the Earth system

Environmental Research Letters, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 13(3), С. 033003 - 033003

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2017

Roughly 3% of the Earth's land surface burns annually, representing a critical exchange energy and matter between atmosphere via combustion. Fires range from slow smouldering peat fires, to low-intensity intense crown depending on vegetation structure, fuel moisture, prevailing climate, weather conditions. While links biogeochemistry, climate fire are widely studied within Earth system science, these relationships also mediated by fuels—namely plants their litter—that product evolutionary ecological processes. Fire is powerful selective force and, over history, have evolved traits that both tolerate promote numerous times across diverse clades. Here we outline conceptual framework how plant determine flammability ecosystems interact with influence regimes. We explore processes scale impact biogeochemical Finally, several research challenges that, when resolved, will improve our understanding role evolution in mediating feedbacks driving Understanding current patterns vegetation, as well geological time, requires incorporates biology, ecology, biogeography, biogeosciences.

Язык: Английский

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Carbon Fluxes between Primary Metabolism and Phenolic Pathway in Plant Tissues under Stress

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 16(11), С. 26378 - 26394

Опубликована: Ноя. 4, 2015

Higher plants synthesize an amazing diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites. Phenolics are defined metabolites or natural products because, originally, they were considered not essential for plant growth and development. Plant phenolics, like other compounds, provide the with specific adaptations to changing environmental conditions and, therefore, defense mechanisms. defensive traits costly due energy drain from toward metabolite production. Being limited resources, have decide how allocate these resources various competing functions. This decision brings about trade-offs, i.e., promoting some functions by neglecting others as inverse relationship. Many studies been carried out in order link evaluation performance (in terms rate) levels defense-related Available results suggest that stresses stress-induced phenolics could be linked a transduction pathway involves: (i) proline redox cycle; (ii) stimulated oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; turn, (iii) reduced tissues.

Язык: Английский

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Theories and Major Hypotheses in Ethnobotany

Economic Botany, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 71(3), С. 269 - 287

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Plant apparency, an overlooked driver of associational resistance to insect herbivory

Journal of Ecology, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 101(2), С. 418 - 429

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2013

Summary Herbivore regulation is one of the services provided by plant diversity in terrestrial ecosystems. It has been suggested that tree decreases insect herbivory forests, but recent studies have reported opposite patterns, indicating can trigger associational resistance or susceptibility. The mechanisms underlying diversity–resistance relationship thus remain a matter debate. We assessed on pedunculate oak saplings ( Quercus robur ) large‐scale experiment which we manipulated and identity mixing oaks, birch pine species. Tree at plot scale had no effect damage due to leaf chewers, abundance miners decreased with increasing diversity. magnitude this increased host dilution, consistent ‘resource concentration hypothesis’. At smaller scale, estimated apparency as difference total height between focal their nearest neighbouring trees. Levels infestation significantly decreasing apparency. As probability having taller neighbours diversity, notably increase proportion faster growing nonhost trees, such birches pines, may be seen ‘hidden’, sampling Synthesis . These findings suggest greater dilution lower contribute young They also highlight importance taking size into account covariate, avoid misleading interpretations about biodiversity–resistance relationship.

Язык: Английский

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Herbivory makes major contributions to ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling in tropical forests

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 17(3), С. 324 - 332

Опубликована: Дек. 26, 2013

Abstract The functional role of herbivores in tropical rainforests remains poorly understood. We quantified the magnitude of, and underlying controls on, carbon, nitrogen phosphorus cycled by invertebrate herbivory along a 2800 m elevational gradient Andes spanning 12°C mean annual temperature. find, firstly, that leaf area loss is greater at warmer sites with lower foliar phosphorus, secondly, estimated herbivore‐mediated flux from plants to soil via similar to, or than, other major sources these nutrients forests. Finally, we estimate consume significant portion plant potentially causing shifts pattern carbon cycling. conclude future herbivore abundance activity as result environmental change could have impacts on fertility ecosystem sequestration

Язык: Английский

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A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology

Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 101(2)

Опубликована: Окт. 29, 2019

Biodiversity is defined by trait differences between organisms, and biologists have long sought to predict associations among ecologically important traits. Why do some traits trade off but others are coexpressed? might hold across levels of organization, from individuals genotypes populations species, whereas only occur at one level? Understanding such scaling a core biological problem, bearing on the evolution ecological strategies as well forecasting responses environmental change. Explicitly considering hierarchy biodiversity expectations each scale (individual change, within populations, species turnover) necessary we work toward predictive framework in evolutionary ecology. Within may an association with another because phenotypic plasticity, genetic correlation, or population-level local adaptation. Plastic often adaptive yet fixed pool resources; thus, positive negative can be generated immediate needs energetic demands. Genetic variation covariation for population typically shaped varying natural selection space time. Although correlations infrequently long-term constraints, they indicate competing organismal Traits quantitatively differentiated (local adaptation), although rarely favors qualitatively different until become reproductively isolated. Across niche specialization particular habitats biotic interactions determine correlations, subset which termed "strategic trade-offs" consequence specialization. scales, constraints not apply new evolve, conversely, observed reflected populations. I give examples scale-dependent their causes taxonomic groups ecosystems, final section paper, specifically evaluate leaf economics spectrum plant defense against herbivory. Scale-dependent predictions emerge understanding ecology holistically, this approach fruitfully applied more generally Adaptive community context two primary drivers trade-offs syndromes scales.

Язык: Английский

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