Defining autopolyploidy: Cytology, genetics, and taxonomy

American Journal of Botany, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 111(8)

Опубликована: Март 4, 2024

Autopolyploidy is taxonomically defined as the presence of more than two copies each genome within an organism or species, where genomes present must all originate same species. Alternatively, "genetic" "cytological" autopolyploidy by polysomic inheritance: random pairing and segregation four (or more) homologous chromosomes present, with no preferential partners. In this review, we provide overview methods used to categorize species taxonomic cytological autopolyploids, including both modern obsolete methods, marker-segregation-based genomics methods. Subsequently, also investigated how frequently inheritance has been reliably documented in autopolyploids. Pure predominantly was 39 43 putative autopolyploid data available (91%) seven eight synthetic several cases mixed We found clear autopolyploids disomic inheritance, which likely a function our search methodology. Interestingly, purely another five partial predominant that appear be allopolyploids. Our results suggest observations can lead relabeling allopolyploid highlight need for further cytogenetic genomic investigation into polyploid origins types.

Язык: Английский

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The ecology of polyploid establishment and exclusion, with implications for polyploid biogeography

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2025

The relationship between polyploid formation, triploid fitness and plant reproduction has been studied for over a century, uniparental long recognized to play crucial role in establishment. Yet, we lack synthesized framework of how establishment is expected be influenced by different reproductive modes among angiosperms. Here, provide new perspectives on reproduction, pollination ecology, assortative mating can impact minority cytotype exclusion (MCE) and, thereby, the likelihood We review current state knowledge mechanisms that discuss often overlooked aspects these processes, such as influence pollinator communities rates self-pollination. propose considering variation strategies ability overcome MCE. Finally, links patterns across observed distribution abundance polyploids.

Язык: Английский

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Interspecific transfer of genetic information through polyploid bridges

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 121(21)

Опубликована: Май 15, 2024

Hybridization blurs species boundaries and leads to intertwined lineages resulting in reticulate evolution. Polyploidy, the outcome of whole genome duplication (WGD), has more recently been implicated promoting facilitating hybridization between polyploid species, potentially leading adaptive introgression. However, because are usually ephemeral states evolutionary history life it is unclear whether WGD-potentiated any appreciable effect on their diploid counterparts. Here, we develop a model cytotype dynamics within mixed-ploidy populations demonstrate that polyploidy can fact serve as bridge for gene flow lineages, where introgression fully or partially hampered by barrier. Polyploid bridges emerge presence triploid organisms, which despite critically low levels fitness, still allow transfer alleles independently evolving species. Notably, while marked genetic divergence prevents polyploid-mediated interspecific flow, show increased recombination rates offset these constraints, allowing efficient sorting at higher-ploidy before into pools. Additionally, derive an analytical approximation rate tetraploid level necessary supersede diploids with nonzero rates, especially relevant plant complexes, ubiquitous. Altogether, our results illustrate potential impact (re)distribution material across ecological communities during evolution, representing force behind reticulation.

Язык: Английский

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Ice age‐driven range shifts of diploids and expanding autotetraploids of Biscutella laevigata within a conserved niche

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Сен. 10, 2024

Summary Early studies of the textbook mixed‐ploidy system Biscutella laevigata highlighted diploids restricted to never‐glaciated lowlands and tetraploids at high elevations across European Alps, promoting hypothesis that whole‐genome duplication (WGD) is advantageous under environmental changes. Here we addressed long‐held hypotheses on role hybridisation origin tetraploids, their single vs multiple origins, whether a shift in climatic niche accompanied WGD. Climatic modelling together with spatial genetics coalescent based ddRAD‐seq genotyping 17 diploid 19 tetraploid populations was used revisit evolution this species complex space time. Diploids differentiated into four genetic lineages corresponding allopatric glacial refugia onset last ice age, whereas displaying tetrasomic inheritance formed uniform group originated from southern before maximum. Derived occurring elevation, autotetraploids likely inherited adaptation elevation rather than having evolved it through or after They further presented considerable postglacial expansion Alps underwent admixture diploids. Although underpinnings successful remain elusive, differentiation B. chiefly driven by history Alps.

Язык: Английский

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Opportunities and challenges in applying AI to evolutionary morphology

Integrative Organismal Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to revolutionize many aspects of science, including the study evolutionary morphology. While classical AI methods such as principal component analysis and cluster have been commonplace in morphology for decades, recent years seen increasing application deep learning ecology biology. As digitized specimen databases become increasingly prevalent openly available, offering vast new potential circumvent long-standing barriers rapid, big data phenotypes. Here, we review current state available morphology, which are most developed area acquisition processing. We introduce main techniques, categorizing them into 3 stages based on their order appearance: (1) machine learning, (2) (3) advancements large-scale models multimodal learning. Next, present case studies existing approaches using image capture segmentation, feature recognition, morphometrics, phylogenetics. then discuss prospectus near-term advances specific areas inquiry within this field, that not yet applied morphological evolution. In particular, note key where remains underutilized could be used enhance This combination developments has capacity transform organismal phenotype phenomics, leading an era "big data" aligns phenotypes with genomics other bioinformatics.

Язык: Английский

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C₄ photosynthesis provided an immediate demographic advantage to populations of the grass Alloteropsis semialata

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 242(2), С. 774 - 785

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2024

Summary C 4 photosynthesis is a key innovation in land plant evolution, but its immediate effects on population demography are unclear. We explore the early impact of trait trajectories and non‐C populations grass Alloteropsis semialata . combine niche models projected into paleoclimate layers for last 5 million years with demographic based genomic data. The initial split between was followed by larger expansion ancestral population, further diversification led to unparalleled descendant populations. Overall, spread over three continents achieved highest growth, agreement broader climatic that rendered large potential range time. remained region origin, however, experienced lower rather consistent local geographic constraints. Moreover, posterior transfer some ‐related characters counterparts might have facilitated recent origin. Altogether, our findings support provided an advantage A. populations, effect be masked contingencies.

Язык: Английский

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Doubling down on polyploid discoveries: Global advances in genomics and ecological impacts of polyploidy

American Journal of Botany, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 111(8)

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2024

Abstract All flowering plants are now recognized as diploidized paleopolyploids (Jiao et al., 2011; One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative, 2019), and polyploid species comprise approximately 30% of contemporary plant (Wood 2009; Barker 2016a). A major implication these discoveries is that, to appreciate the evolution diversity, we need understand fundamental biology polyploids diploidization. This broadly by our community there a continued, growing interest in polyploidy research topic. Over past 25 years, sequencing analysis genomes has revolutionized understanding importance speciation land plants.

Язык: Английский

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Whole-genome duplication increases genetic diversity and load in outcrossing Arabidopsis

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 15, 2025

Abstract Genetic variation underpins evolutionary change, but accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations also increases mutation load. There are multiple factors affecting the extent load such as population size and breeding system, yet other potential determinants remain unexplored. A common macromutation, whole-genome duplication (WGD) occurs broadly across Eukaryotes, we lack a clear understanding how WGD impacts neutral selective processes within population. Using forward simulations empirical analysis 632 short- 16 long-read sequenced individuals Arabidopsis arenosa (23 diploid 42 natural autotetraploid populations), test for effects on genome-wide diversity Our show genetic gradually rises in autotetraploids due to increase mutational target size. Moreover, relaxed purifying selection when masked by additional chromosome copies. Empirical data confirm these patterns, showing significant nucleotide diversity, ratios non-synonymous synonymous SNPs, number indels large structural variants A. autotetraploids. However, rather modest proxies together with broad distribution niche suggests has not (yet) limited their successful expansion. Overall, demonstrate complex interplay between shaping following highlight ploidy an important determinant populations.

Язык: Английский

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Inbreeding depression in polyploid species: a meta-analysis

Biology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 18(12)

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Whole-genome duplication is a common mutation in eukaryotes with far-reaching phenotypic effects, the resulting morphological and fitness consequences how they affect survival of polyploid lineages are intensively studied. Another important factor may also determine probability establishment success lineages: inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression expected to play an role neopolyploid lineages, their capacity colonize new environments, simultaneous evolution ploidy other life-history traits such as self-fertilization. Both theoretically empirically, there no consensus on polyploidy In this meta-analysis, we investigated effect depression, by performing meta-analysis within angiosperm species. The main results our study that complex depend time since polyploidization. We found young have much lower amount than diploid relatives established counterparts. Natural intermediate higher synthetic neopolyploids, smaller diploids, suggesting negative decreases

Язык: Английский

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Diploid chastity vs. polyploid promiscuity – Extensive gene flow among polyploid cytotypes blurs genetic, morphological and taxonomic boundaries among Dinaric taxa of Knautia (Caprifoliaceae)

Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 59, С. 125730 - 125730

Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2023

Heteroploid Knautia sect. Trichera constitutes a taxonomically intricate assemblage of taxa with highly complex genetic architecture, which is mirrored in high morphological variability and blurred boundaries among the species. Here, we aim to disentangle relationships xerophytic from Dinaric Mountains on western Balkan Peninsula, which, based relative genome size estimations, comprise di-, tetra- hexaploid populations. Our analyses amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) revealed clear differentiation diploid members, are also morphologically clearly divergent. On other hand, phylogenetic structure tetraploid populations as well ties their progenitors complex, conferring unclear Tetraploids were intermingled divergent lineages, suggesting recurrent polyploidisation and/or extensive gene flow across sympatric whereas hexaploids clustered two groups, pointing separate origins. In line pattern, there overlap characters within different ploidies. Nevertheless, comparisons environmental niches showed ploidy levels, niche being most It thus obvious that dynamic polyploid evolution, virtual lack crossing barriers cytotypes pertaining species, exceedingly variable morphology along uniformity reproductive preclude establishing clear-cut taxonomic structure. Still, albeit generally corroborating previous observations for K. whole, our study restricted limited geographic yielded constructive insights towards workable framework this system. As result, propose revised treatment, including description new ehrendorferi, but aware species identifications will remain challenging future. Data be made available request.

Язык: Английский

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