Navigating Complexity: Continuity and Change in European Governance, 2023/2024 DOI Creative Commons
Gianfranco Baldini, Elena Baracani, Sorina Cristina Soare

и другие.

JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 62(S1), С. 5 - 16

Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2024

This Annual Review (AR) of the European Union (EU) focuses on events and developments 2023. However, our editorial was crafted shortly after a critical turning point, that is, institutional political renewal process began 6–9 June 2024. During this period, nearly 400 million citizens were entitled to elect 720 Members 10th Parliament (EP) Legislature. In following weeks, crucial decisions made regarding EU's top leadership positions. Whilst pivotal moment will be explored in detail next AR, dedicated 2024, it serves as backdrop for reflection main dynamics governance during Therefore, outlining vision, we briefly reconstruct what can seen choice point at which significant options shape trajectory project. The section provides an overview AR before making some concluding remarks. marks inaugural effort newly appointed team co-editors. It symbolic purpose by presenting vision guided work. title aims encapsulate aftermath 2024 EP elections. At same time, aptly reflects essence project fitting motto. We are firmly committed maintaining AR's tradition high-quality articles, standard impeccably upheld colleagues who preceded us job. Concurrently, aim introduce specific innovations enhance publication's structure scope. Building excellent work predecessors agreement with staff University Association Contemporary Studies (UACES), have decided embed traditional Lecture within UACES Conference (Trento, 1–4 September 2024). move visibility scholarly community, fostering greater engagement amongst its members. Like past editions, opens Lecture, held year Alina Mungiu-Pippidi (2024). addition, introduced division into three thematic sections, supplemented 'Critical Dialogue' book consider particularly relevant understanding EU and, more generally, Europe's current state affairs. sections encompass (1) roles actors institutions shaping integration, (2) policy concerning domestic foreign domains reference (3) electoral under review. third section, also sub-section called 'Elections Mirror', deals comparative evaluations elections geographically close member states, often facing similar challenges. addition provide fine-grained analysis, illustrating commonalities differences thereby offering profound insights landscapes. Lastly, new Critical Dialogue foster discussions based published covered (Bartels, 2023), involving two reviewers reply from author, stimulate public debate communication. As such, different parts converge readers integrated approach politics, unravelling intricate interactions between multi-level framework. cohesive offer comprehensive how various political, elements interplay broader context. implementing subtle integration changes continuities line, recognised need emphasise inclusivity. edition includes contributions 19 women 14 men. Our efforts involve senior junior scholars international academic co-operation joint research topics. Aligned goals Journal Common Market (JCMS), strived broaden global outreach attracting authors around world, task further pursue future well incorporating practitioners enhancing multi-disciplinarity. went polls context marked complexity dynamics. wars: Russian war aggression against Ukraine, represents most Europe since World War II, escalation October 2023 Israel–Hamas war, has led Middle East crisis is challenging states' unity. background, there growing tensions EU–China relations, prospect possible re-election Donald Trump President United States threatens bring uncertainties.1 Every 5 years, represent EU, marking beginning cycle. New come College Commissioners. Potentially, turnover all positions: Presidency Commission, Council (EUCO) High Representative Foreign Affairs Security Policy/Vice Commission (HR/VP). Similarly, priorities set agenda, defined Heads State Government (HOSG) their 'Strategic Agenda 2024–29' 'Political Guidelines 2024–29'. respect, unusual, involved continuity than change, explicit securing survival amidst proliferation sense, viewed unusual phase (conservative) transition managed prevent radical alterations evolution explicitly investing leaders dossiers. identify least five both degree type response challenge (e.g., turnout results) outcomes group formation, positions agenda-setting). First, (51.05%) represented only very slight improvement years ago (50.66%), thus fuelling criticisms level participation 'too small allow speak substantial vote confidence von der Leyen regime' (Ludlow, p. 4). Second, previous (2014 2019), campaign across several countries fear rise populist Eurosceptic right parties (Beaudonnet Gomez, 2024; Bergmann et al., 2021; Braun Carteny, Mudde, Despite these performing over quarter seats, overall impact limited consecutive time. limitation mainly due splitting groups cases, isolation non-affiliated Third, even though increased means Legislature fragmented (eight groups, one outgoing Parliament), pro-European – People's Party (EPP), Socialists Democrats (S&D) liberals Renew secured majority eventually reinforced weakened Group Greens/European Free Alliance. Fourth, terms leading families, Roberta Metsola (EPP) especially Ursula confirmed second term,2 acknowledging dominant role played politics EPP, maintain 2004. negotiations brought figures jobs, such António Costa, former Portuguese PM, EUCO, Kaja Kallas, incumbent Estonian HR/VP position. These not taken unanimously. Hungarian PM Viktor Orban supported Costa's nomination but voted abstained whilst Italian Giorgia Meloni other 14). Fifth, prevails priorities, agenda focused economy, strengthening security defence protecting values. Intensive activity EP's groups' underscoring centrality confirming importance parliamentary system, influencing appointments, speaking resources decision-making processes (Ahrens 2022; Bressanelli Chelotti, 2020). gaining members, Conservatives Reformists (ECR) soon overtaken formed group. group, 'Patriots Europe', major right-wing like Spain's Vox Italy's Lega, surpassing ECR 84 (MEPs). smaller 'Europe Sovereign Nations', established 25 members eight countries, Germany's Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). French Rassemblement National (RN) largest party Patriots German AfD leads Nations. Brothers Italy, whose far-right classification debated (Baldini, 2024), force ECR. ECR, Meloni, position itself player right-leaning parliament, remained isolated coalition (Fabbrini, re-organisations, connected far face challenges internal divisions economic issues differing strategies mainstream groups. fragmentation evident varied responses (2024) resolution Russia's opposed. Such fragmentation, however, does equate defeat. still potential influence when they lead national governments, cases Italy Hungary. Beyond equilibrium hemicycle exhibits notable continuity, reaffirmation numerous namely, EPP (with 188 MEPs) S&D 136 MEPs). contrast, Greens (especially) Liberals saw loss delegations. context, prevailed, emerged speeches Leyen. Metsola's address reaffirmed her commitment Europe, advocating reforms rule law. Not surprisingly, Leyen's Guidelines' drew consultations supporting Strategic organised priorities: 'Europe's sustainable prosperity competitiveness', 'European security', 'supporting people, societies social model', 'sustaining quality life', 'protecting democracy upholding values', 'leveraging power partnership Europe' 'delivering together preparing future'. articles included focus 2023, spanning dynamics, initiatives, geopolitical strategies. Highlighting key actors, emerging trends, nuanced complexities opportunities confronting navigates through societal transformations. critically examines strategy Eastern border amid ongoing Russia, questioning whether extending perspective Moldova Georgia suffice. She argues invasion Ukraine underlines paradigm, suggesting tools may inadequate. Her analysis offers extremely valuable beyond. intersects initial devoted evaluating cycle (2019–2024). decision 'Key Actors Institutions' originates elements, collective actor 2023/2024 period peculiar combination outlined above, sense lies beneath Indeed, studies crises underlined 'collective reciprocal' interaction multiple (Müller Van Esch, 2020, 1052), EUCO-centred mode policy-making [see Institutional Leadership (NIL) framework Smeets Beach, 2022, Pluri-Institutional Kassim, 2023] power' that, mobilisation resources, get things done (Laffan, 2023). prompts try look inside black box system. Hence, analyses 'Geopolitical Commission', Charles Michel Josep Borrell ascent, 9th affected Qatargate scandal EUCO system post-crisis. Overall, highlight complex individual leadership, power, personal, ideational intra- inter-institutional legacies coming external environments. Baracani Kassim reflect origins Commission' discuss President's personal style entrepreneurship, contingency allowed concept's expansion conditions propitious success. They show built predecessor's legacy (the Juncker Commission) added elements. argue Commission's success results readiness recognise ability assume credibly. Müller Tömmel Michel's EUCO. his presidency procedural unity states unprecedented crises, critiques insufficiently prepared meetings competitive President. article uses theory evaluate effectiveness brokering consensus advancing integration. conclusion excelled broker, strong ambitions desire sometimes hindered successes. Hadfield Demir analyse Borrell's tenure December 2019 mediating unified stance crises. explore enabled him or 'performance' policies. conclude tacit active contributions, moderate advance Brexit COVID-19 successful alignment energy Ukraine. Costa scandal, biggest corruption confronted history, reflecting fight conflict interest independence credibility EU. After recalling historically addressed question representation MEPs' conduct, shows reactivated fuelled reforms. presents initiatives took body charge ethics recently created. author might considered up avoid incomes MEPs, revolving doors funding parties. Beach assess balance resulted decade attempts mitigate applicability NIL post-crisis case US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). particular, steer machinery financial IRA sovereignty fund, subsequently became Technologies Platform part mid-term review Multiannual Financial Framework. EUCO's reach grasp environment. in-depth examination addressing Rule Law crisis, Pact Migration, climate transitions, enlargement cybersecurity. expanding competencies, conflicts intensified. Democracy, principle been strain linked illiberal shifts Hungary Poland (Gora de Wilde, 2020; Theuns, 2022). extends migration policy, where debates polarised (Blanc, Green sparked (Bernstein 2023; Sandri once (Grabbe, 2006), recent scrutiny, Western Balkans inclusion Moldova, prompted about wartime (Karjalainen, Additionally, cybersecurity, although crucial, remains less prominent discourse (Carrapico Farrand, Coman Buzogány evolving documenting shift soft hard instruments implications governance. Wolff reviews highlighting redefining solidarity responsibility irregular asylum noting towards restrictive policies influenced rising ideologies. pact illustrates pragmatic, security-focused circumstances. Bocquillon discusses commitments, notably Deal 'Fit 55' legislative package. His highlights factors, concerns, impacted momentum challenges, resilient, framing shifting pressures. Koval Vachudova light Ukraine's response. revived exposed limitations ad hoc coalitions lack Franco–German leadership. Their calls meritocratic streamlined partially echoing dealt Carrapico Farrand advancements emphasising NIS2 Directive proposed Cyber Solidarity Resilience Acts digital frame regulatory mercantilism, aligning strengthen cybersecurity stance. conclusion, adaptability resilience Responses policies, renewed enlargement, illustrate strategic foresight collaborative landscape. neighbouring regions via sub-sections. first Turkey Cyprus. Then, considering general contexts, pairs countries: Slovakia; Greece Spain; Estonia Finland. Çarkoğlu delves Turkish elections, initially anticipated Justice Development Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's expectations, Erdoğan victory round, bolstered voter support conservative demographics. explores factors success, Turkey's democratic Adamides Cypriot presidential transformative moment. For time 1960, Cyprus, government, elected president (Nikos Christodoulides) did direct traces historical Cyprus problem campaigns regional including Greek–Turkish relations. Haughton al. Slovakia, domestic, implications. Poland, return Tusk attempt country back liberal mainstream. Conversely, Slovakia's government turn, divergent preferences vulnerabilities. underline pressing conflict. Moreover, highlighted backsliding, Poland's reverse erosion Verney Field Spain. enduring debt signalled systems. claimed Spain, differed significantly: Greece's Democracy (ND) majority, (PP) struggled garner sufficient support, resulting ND PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español)-led minority Sumar Jakobson Peltoniemi pandemic countries. cultures Finland's consensus-based Estonia's majoritarian ones faced affective polarisation issues, voters either largely unfamiliar. Finland, widened divide left, whereas Estonia, left weak, along conservative-liberal lines. moments norms, trajectories region's future. Spain exemplify restructured contrasting favouring respectively. distinct traditions, Finland Americanised progression contrasts sharply turn illiberalism, Last, intra-democracy Drawing Larry Bartels' (2023) Erodes From Top, early 21st century, providing trends contemporary Europe. Casal Bértoa Kritzinger dialogue Bartels unravel causes resurgence, contextualising discussion prevailing narratives responses. reflections interpret markets. Most crucially, important arguments democracies currently methodological suggestions mass elite-driven change. ARs, chronology Andrea Pareschi online. Even if, distinctions blurred, another innovation classifying according levels international, occurred. find list chronological each level. thoroughly shaped throughout year. invaluable increasingly dynamic Each contributes multifaceted realities, governance, stability. Looking forward upcoming event signalling start With policy-making. Against persistent tensions, cohesion. examine trend stringent measures. Furthermore, delve relations exploring inform priorities. By scrutinising detail, comprehensively directions policy-makers, analysts stakeholders navigating Open access publishing facilitated Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Wiley - CRUI-CARE agreement.

Язык: Английский

The comparative politics of just transition policies: building green-red winning coalitions in Spain and Ireland DOI
Matteo Mandelli

Journal of European Public Policy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 26

Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2025

Just transition policies can be useful measures to address the new social risks of industrial decarbonization. However, while these are growing empirically, they remain arguably undertheorized. Navigating a largely unexplored field, this article aims strengthen our understanding just policymaking with theory-generating ambition. It does so by asking: what explains adoption policies? Following Most Different Systems Design, Spain and Ireland have been selected as comparative case studies reconstruct political trajectories behind national policies. Drawing from coalition theories, empirical analysis maps preferences interactions between parties organised interest groups. The relies on outcome-explaining process tracing qualitative methods, including policy press documents, thirty-nine semi-structured interviews policymakers other informants. core argument is that emerge result green-red winning coalitions steered powerful entrepreneurs, who engage in exchanges socio-political actors order trade support for decarbonisation, exchange economic affected societal

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Picking Losers: Climate Change and Managed Decline in the European Union DOI Creative Commons
Timur Ergen, Luuk Schmitz

Regulation & Governance, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 6, 2025

ABSTRACT Decarbonization forces societies to cope with the restructuring and outright unwinding of assets, firms, workers, industries, regions. We argue that this problem has created legitimacy for industrial policies managing reallocation resources. illustrate dynamic by documenting incremental state‐building in European Union, an administration institutionally tilted toward regulatory statehood making Single Market energy since 1990s. greening policies, we argue, have incrementally lessened primacy tools introduced a plethora instruments accelerate green carbon unwinding. Best understood as process multi‐sited institutional layering, Union increasingly appears complement financial effect transitions management decline targeted regions sectors, based on funds transition planning.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
The impact of financial stress, governance, and geopolitics on Europe's energy transition mineral trade DOI Creative Commons
Oleg Mariev, Md. Monirul Islam

Energy Economics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 108523 - 108523

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Navigating Complexity: Continuity and Change in European Governance, 2023/2024 DOI Creative Commons
Gianfranco Baldini, Elena Baracani, Sorina Cristina Soare

и другие.

JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 62(S1), С. 5 - 16

Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2024

This Annual Review (AR) of the European Union (EU) focuses on events and developments 2023. However, our editorial was crafted shortly after a critical turning point, that is, institutional political renewal process began 6–9 June 2024. During this period, nearly 400 million citizens were entitled to elect 720 Members 10th Parliament (EP) Legislature. In following weeks, crucial decisions made regarding EU's top leadership positions. Whilst pivotal moment will be explored in detail next AR, dedicated 2024, it serves as backdrop for reflection main dynamics governance during Therefore, outlining vision, we briefly reconstruct what can seen choice point at which significant options shape trajectory project. The section provides an overview AR before making some concluding remarks. marks inaugural effort newly appointed team co-editors. It symbolic purpose by presenting vision guided work. title aims encapsulate aftermath 2024 EP elections. At same time, aptly reflects essence project fitting motto. We are firmly committed maintaining AR's tradition high-quality articles, standard impeccably upheld colleagues who preceded us job. Concurrently, aim introduce specific innovations enhance publication's structure scope. Building excellent work predecessors agreement with staff University Association Contemporary Studies (UACES), have decided embed traditional Lecture within UACES Conference (Trento, 1–4 September 2024). move visibility scholarly community, fostering greater engagement amongst its members. Like past editions, opens Lecture, held year Alina Mungiu-Pippidi (2024). addition, introduced division into three thematic sections, supplemented 'Critical Dialogue' book consider particularly relevant understanding EU and, more generally, Europe's current state affairs. sections encompass (1) roles actors institutions shaping integration, (2) policy concerning domestic foreign domains reference (3) electoral under review. third section, also sub-section called 'Elections Mirror', deals comparative evaluations elections geographically close member states, often facing similar challenges. addition provide fine-grained analysis, illustrating commonalities differences thereby offering profound insights landscapes. Lastly, new Critical Dialogue foster discussions based published covered (Bartels, 2023), involving two reviewers reply from author, stimulate public debate communication. As such, different parts converge readers integrated approach politics, unravelling intricate interactions between multi-level framework. cohesive offer comprehensive how various political, elements interplay broader context. implementing subtle integration changes continuities line, recognised need emphasise inclusivity. edition includes contributions 19 women 14 men. Our efforts involve senior junior scholars international academic co-operation joint research topics. Aligned goals Journal Common Market (JCMS), strived broaden global outreach attracting authors around world, task further pursue future well incorporating practitioners enhancing multi-disciplinarity. went polls context marked complexity dynamics. wars: Russian war aggression against Ukraine, represents most Europe since World War II, escalation October 2023 Israel–Hamas war, has led Middle East crisis is challenging states' unity. background, there growing tensions EU–China relations, prospect possible re-election Donald Trump President United States threatens bring uncertainties.1 Every 5 years, represent EU, marking beginning cycle. New come College Commissioners. Potentially, turnover all positions: Presidency Commission, Council (EUCO) High Representative Foreign Affairs Security Policy/Vice Commission (HR/VP). Similarly, priorities set agenda, defined Heads State Government (HOSG) their 'Strategic Agenda 2024–29' 'Political Guidelines 2024–29'. respect, unusual, involved continuity than change, explicit securing survival amidst proliferation sense, viewed unusual phase (conservative) transition managed prevent radical alterations evolution explicitly investing leaders dossiers. identify least five both degree type response challenge (e.g., turnout results) outcomes group formation, positions agenda-setting). First, (51.05%) represented only very slight improvement years ago (50.66%), thus fuelling criticisms level participation 'too small allow speak substantial vote confidence von der Leyen regime' (Ludlow, p. 4). Second, previous (2014 2019), campaign across several countries fear rise populist Eurosceptic right parties (Beaudonnet Gomez, 2024; Bergmann et al., 2021; Braun Carteny, Mudde, Despite these performing over quarter seats, overall impact limited consecutive time. limitation mainly due splitting groups cases, isolation non-affiliated Third, even though increased means Legislature fragmented (eight groups, one outgoing Parliament), pro-European – People's Party (EPP), Socialists Democrats (S&D) liberals Renew secured majority eventually reinforced weakened Group Greens/European Free Alliance. Fourth, terms leading families, Roberta Metsola (EPP) especially Ursula confirmed second term,2 acknowledging dominant role played politics EPP, maintain 2004. negotiations brought figures jobs, such António Costa, former Portuguese PM, EUCO, Kaja Kallas, incumbent Estonian HR/VP position. These not taken unanimously. Hungarian PM Viktor Orban supported Costa's nomination but voted abstained whilst Italian Giorgia Meloni other 14). Fifth, prevails priorities, agenda focused economy, strengthening security defence protecting values. Intensive activity EP's groups' underscoring centrality confirming importance parliamentary system, influencing appointments, speaking resources decision-making processes (Ahrens 2022; Bressanelli Chelotti, 2020). gaining members, Conservatives Reformists (ECR) soon overtaken formed group. group, 'Patriots Europe', major right-wing like Spain's Vox Italy's Lega, surpassing ECR 84 (MEPs). smaller 'Europe Sovereign Nations', established 25 members eight countries, Germany's Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). French Rassemblement National (RN) largest party Patriots German AfD leads Nations. Brothers Italy, whose far-right classification debated (Baldini, 2024), force ECR. ECR, Meloni, position itself player right-leaning parliament, remained isolated coalition (Fabbrini, re-organisations, connected far face challenges internal divisions economic issues differing strategies mainstream groups. fragmentation evident varied responses (2024) resolution Russia's opposed. Such fragmentation, however, does equate defeat. still potential influence when they lead national governments, cases Italy Hungary. Beyond equilibrium hemicycle exhibits notable continuity, reaffirmation numerous namely, EPP (with 188 MEPs) S&D 136 MEPs). contrast, Greens (especially) Liberals saw loss delegations. context, prevailed, emerged speeches Leyen. Metsola's address reaffirmed her commitment Europe, advocating reforms rule law. Not surprisingly, Leyen's Guidelines' drew consultations supporting Strategic organised priorities: 'Europe's sustainable prosperity competitiveness', 'European security', 'supporting people, societies social model', 'sustaining quality life', 'protecting democracy upholding values', 'leveraging power partnership Europe' 'delivering together preparing future'. articles included focus 2023, spanning dynamics, initiatives, geopolitical strategies. Highlighting key actors, emerging trends, nuanced complexities opportunities confronting navigates through societal transformations. critically examines strategy Eastern border amid ongoing Russia, questioning whether extending perspective Moldova Georgia suffice. She argues invasion Ukraine underlines paradigm, suggesting tools may inadequate. Her analysis offers extremely valuable beyond. intersects initial devoted evaluating cycle (2019–2024). decision 'Key Actors Institutions' originates elements, collective actor 2023/2024 period peculiar combination outlined above, sense lies beneath Indeed, studies crises underlined 'collective reciprocal' interaction multiple (Müller Van Esch, 2020, 1052), EUCO-centred mode policy-making [see Institutional Leadership (NIL) framework Smeets Beach, 2022, Pluri-Institutional Kassim, 2023] power' that, mobilisation resources, get things done (Laffan, 2023). prompts try look inside black box system. Hence, analyses 'Geopolitical Commission', Charles Michel Josep Borrell ascent, 9th affected Qatargate scandal EUCO system post-crisis. Overall, highlight complex individual leadership, power, personal, ideational intra- inter-institutional legacies coming external environments. Baracani Kassim reflect origins Commission' discuss President's personal style entrepreneurship, contingency allowed concept's expansion conditions propitious success. They show built predecessor's legacy (the Juncker Commission) added elements. argue Commission's success results readiness recognise ability assume credibly. Müller Tömmel Michel's EUCO. his presidency procedural unity states unprecedented crises, critiques insufficiently prepared meetings competitive President. article uses theory evaluate effectiveness brokering consensus advancing integration. conclusion excelled broker, strong ambitions desire sometimes hindered successes. Hadfield Demir analyse Borrell's tenure December 2019 mediating unified stance crises. explore enabled him or 'performance' policies. conclude tacit active contributions, moderate advance Brexit COVID-19 successful alignment energy Ukraine. Costa scandal, biggest corruption confronted history, reflecting fight conflict interest independence credibility EU. After recalling historically addressed question representation MEPs' conduct, shows reactivated fuelled reforms. presents initiatives took body charge ethics recently created. author might considered up avoid incomes MEPs, revolving doors funding parties. Beach assess balance resulted decade attempts mitigate applicability NIL post-crisis case US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). particular, steer machinery financial IRA sovereignty fund, subsequently became Technologies Platform part mid-term review Multiannual Financial Framework. EUCO's reach grasp environment. in-depth examination addressing Rule Law crisis, Pact Migration, climate transitions, enlargement cybersecurity. expanding competencies, conflicts intensified. Democracy, principle been strain linked illiberal shifts Hungary Poland (Gora de Wilde, 2020; Theuns, 2022). extends migration policy, where debates polarised (Blanc, Green sparked (Bernstein 2023; Sandri once (Grabbe, 2006), recent scrutiny, Western Balkans inclusion Moldova, prompted about wartime (Karjalainen, Additionally, cybersecurity, although crucial, remains less prominent discourse (Carrapico Farrand, Coman Buzogány evolving documenting shift soft hard instruments implications governance. Wolff reviews highlighting redefining solidarity responsibility irregular asylum noting towards restrictive policies influenced rising ideologies. pact illustrates pragmatic, security-focused circumstances. Bocquillon discusses commitments, notably Deal 'Fit 55' legislative package. His highlights factors, concerns, impacted momentum challenges, resilient, framing shifting pressures. Koval Vachudova light Ukraine's response. revived exposed limitations ad hoc coalitions lack Franco–German leadership. Their calls meritocratic streamlined partially echoing dealt Carrapico Farrand advancements emphasising NIS2 Directive proposed Cyber Solidarity Resilience Acts digital frame regulatory mercantilism, aligning strengthen cybersecurity stance. conclusion, adaptability resilience Responses policies, renewed enlargement, illustrate strategic foresight collaborative landscape. neighbouring regions via sub-sections. first Turkey Cyprus. Then, considering general contexts, pairs countries: Slovakia; Greece Spain; Estonia Finland. Çarkoğlu delves Turkish elections, initially anticipated Justice Development Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's expectations, Erdoğan victory round, bolstered voter support conservative demographics. explores factors success, Turkey's democratic Adamides Cypriot presidential transformative moment. For time 1960, Cyprus, government, elected president (Nikos Christodoulides) did direct traces historical Cyprus problem campaigns regional including Greek–Turkish relations. Haughton al. Slovakia, domestic, implications. Poland, return Tusk attempt country back liberal mainstream. Conversely, Slovakia's government turn, divergent preferences vulnerabilities. underline pressing conflict. Moreover, highlighted backsliding, Poland's reverse erosion Verney Field Spain. enduring debt signalled systems. claimed Spain, differed significantly: Greece's Democracy (ND) majority, (PP) struggled garner sufficient support, resulting ND PSOE (Partido Socialista Obrero Español)-led minority Sumar Jakobson Peltoniemi pandemic countries. cultures Finland's consensus-based Estonia's majoritarian ones faced affective polarisation issues, voters either largely unfamiliar. Finland, widened divide left, whereas Estonia, left weak, along conservative-liberal lines. moments norms, trajectories region's future. Spain exemplify restructured contrasting favouring respectively. distinct traditions, Finland Americanised progression contrasts sharply turn illiberalism, Last, intra-democracy Drawing Larry Bartels' (2023) Erodes From Top, early 21st century, providing trends contemporary Europe. Casal Bértoa Kritzinger dialogue Bartels unravel causes resurgence, contextualising discussion prevailing narratives responses. reflections interpret markets. Most crucially, important arguments democracies currently methodological suggestions mass elite-driven change. ARs, chronology Andrea Pareschi online. Even if, distinctions blurred, another innovation classifying according levels international, occurred. find list chronological each level. thoroughly shaped throughout year. invaluable increasingly dynamic Each contributes multifaceted realities, governance, stability. Looking forward upcoming event signalling start With policy-making. Against persistent tensions, cohesion. examine trend stringent measures. Furthermore, delve relations exploring inform priorities. By scrutinising detail, comprehensively directions policy-makers, analysts stakeholders navigating Open access publishing facilitated Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Wiley - CRUI-CARE agreement.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0