Abstract
The
ability
to
monitor
performance
during
a
goal‐directed
behavior
differs
among
children
and
adults
in
ways
that
can
be
measured
with
several
tasks
techniques.
As
well,
recent
work
has
shown
individual
differences
error
monitoring
moderate
temperamental
risk
for
anxiety
this
moderation
changes
age.
We
investigated
age
neural
responses
linked
using
multimodal
approach.
approach
combined
functional
MRI
source
localization
of
event‐related
potentials
(ERPs)
12‐year‐old,
15‐year‐old,
adult
participants.
Neural
generators
two
components
related
monitoring,
the
N2
ERN,
lay
within
specific
areas
fMRI
clusters.
Whereas
correlates
component
appeared
similar
across
groups,
age‐related
manifested
location
ERN
component.
dorsal
anterior
cingulate
cortex
(dACC)
was
predominant
12‐year‐old
group;
area
posteriorly
15‐year‐old
groups.
A
fMRI‐based
ROI
analysis
confirmed
pattern
activity.
These
results
suggest
underlying
mechanisms
are
developmental
monitoring.
Developmental Science,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
27(5)
Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2023
Previous
research
has
shown
that
there
are
distinct
types
of
children's
shyness
within
eastern
and
western
cultures,
with
different
origins,
developmental
courses,
outcomes.
However,
the
measures
used
to
examine
in
contexts
have
been
developed
almost
exclusively
North
American
context.
Whether
subtypes
their
predictive
associations
conserved
between
cultures
on
a
measure
an
context
is
empirical
question.
Here
we
examined
(a)
whether
two
from
Chinese
Shyness
Scale
(i.e.,
anxious
regulated)
were
identified
context,
(b)
cultural
moderated
relation
shy
behavior
widely
characterized
social
anxiety
measure.
The
participants
children
aged
3-5
years
China
(M
International Journal of Behavioral Development,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2025
Little
research
has
examined
the
correlates
of
children’s
social
withdrawal
in
real-world
contexts
beyond
classroom.
Here,
we
used
a
surgical
setting
as
an
ecologically
salient
stress
model
to
study
one
type
withdrawal:
shyness.
Participants
were
171
children
(
M
age
=
10.1
years,
SD
1.7,
range
7–13
50.1%
boys),
who
undergoing
elective
surgery,
and
their
parents
40.7
6.8,
29–59
76.2%
mothers).
Children’s
self-report
temperamental
shyness
preoperative
state
anxiety
well
parents’
report
trait
assessed
7
10
days
before
surgery
(T1).
On
morning
(T2),
self-reported
on
anxiety.
In
operating
room
(T3),
behaviors
video-recorded
coded
for
observed
distress.
We
found
(T1
T2)
fully
mediated
relation
between
distress,
regardless
participant
age,
sex,
parent
This
was
qualified
by
child
age.
ages
9,
predictive
By
comparison,
13,
related
higher
levels
anxiety,
controlling
These
findings
illustrate
effects
temperament
developmental
behavior,
parental
influences,
context.
Developmental Psychobiology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
67(2)
Опубликована: Март 1, 2025
ABSTRACT
This
study
employed
latent
change
score
models
to
examine
the
co‐changes
and
mutual
influences
of
fearful
temperament,
task
switching,
maternal
intrusiveness
in
early
childhood.
Participants
included
335
children
(171
boys,
164
girls;
M
age
=
3.09
years
at
baseline;
77.3%
White,
14.0%
Black,
8.4%
multiracial,
0.3%
Asian,
7.8%
Hispanic)
their
mothers.
Higher
levels
36
months
predicted
a
smaller
increase
children's
switching
between
48
months.
larger
decrease
temperament.
The
changes
temperament
co‐occurred;
as
degree
increased,
decreased,
or
vice
versa.
Family‐oriented
interventions
that
reduce
may
facilitate
improvements
which
is
closely
associated
with
development
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2025
Background
Although
social
anxiety
runs
in
families,
little
is
known
about
how
parents
and
children
contribute
to
the
intergenerational
transmission
of
fears.
We
examined
whether
mothers
transfer
fear
beliefs
their
through
verbal
communication
children's
behavioral
inhibition
this
transmission.
The
associations
with
peer
avoidance
interpretation
bias
were
also
examined.
Methods
Participants
(
N
=
291,
54%
female)
followed
from
toddlerhood
middle
childhood.
Behavioral
was
assessed
at
ages
2
3.
At
10‐year
assessment,
mother–child
dyads
participated
a
conversation
task.
Mothers
received
ambiguous
information
hypothetical
peers
then
talked
vignettes
involving
these
peers.
Mothers'
positive
negative
statements
coded.
Prior
conversation,
reported
own
beliefs.
Post‐conversation,
rated
completed
symbolic
interpretive
tasks.
Children
self‐reported
anxiety.
Results
mediated
paths
maternal
post‐conversation
link
between
mothers'
beliefs,
but
only
among
heightened
Children's
were,
turn,
associated
bias.
Conclusions
Findings
suggest
that
serves
as
mechanism
relation
parent
child
predict
interpretative
biases.
particularly
impacted
by
statements,
whereas
predicted
fewer
statements.
Targeting
patterns
may
help
prevent
fear.
