International Journal of Physiology Pathophysiology and Pharmacology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(5), С. 96 - 110
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Alzheimer's
disease
is
the
most
general
type
of
cognitive
impairments.
Until
recently,
strategies
that
prevent
its
clinical
progression
have
remained
more
elusive.
Consequently,
research
direction
should
be
for
finding
effective
neuroprotective
agents.
It
has
been
suggested
oxidative
stress,
mitochondrial
injury,
and
inflammation
level
might
lead
to
brain
cell
death
in
many
neurological
disorders.
Therefore,
several
autophagy-targeted
bioactive
compounds
may
promising
candidate
therapeutics
prevention
damage.
Interestingly,
some
risk
genes
are
expressed
within
cells,
which
linked
cholesterol
metabolism,
lipid
transport,
endocytosis,
exocytosis
and/or
caveolae
formation,
suggesting
a
fruitful
therapeutic
target
improve
This
review
would
highlight
latest
advances
technologies
treatment
disease.
In
particular,
paradigm
serotonin
N-methyl-d-aspartate
(NMDA)
receptors
agonist/antagonist
structure
possibly
impairment.
cellular
membrane
biophysics
our
understanding
pathology
dysfunction
associated
with
Here,
this
purpose
therapy
open
potential
move
care
toward
disease-modifying
certain
benefits
patients.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(16), С. 9040 - 9040
Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2024
It
has
been
unequivocally
established
that
kynurenic
acid
a
number
of
actions
in
variety
cells
and
tissues,
raising,
principle,
the
possibility
targeting
its
generation,
metabolism
or
sites
action
to
manipulate
those
effects
beneficial
therapeutic
end.
However,
many
basic
aspects
biology
remain
unclear,
potentially
leading
some
confusion
misinterpretations
data.
They
include
questions
source,
targets,
enzyme
expression,
endogenous
concentrations
action.
This
essay
is
intended
raise
discuss
these
as
source
reference
for
more
balanced
discussion.
Those
issues
are
followed
by
examples
situations
which
modulating
correcting
production
activity
could
bring
significant
benefit,
including
neurological
psychiatric
conditions,
inflammatory
diseases
cell
protection.
More
information
required
obtain
clear
overall
view
pharmacological
environment
relevant
acid,
especially
with
respect
active
kynurenine
metabolites
vivo
changed
levels
disease.
The
data
ideas
presented
here
should
permit
greater
confidence
appreciating
interaction
under
different
local
conditions
pathologies,
enhancing
our
understanding
itself
clinical
manipulating
pharmacology
be
value.
Abstract
Immunometabolism
plays
a
central
role
in
sustaining
immune
system
functionality
and
preserving
physiological
homeostasis
within
the
organism.
During
differentiation
activation,
cells
undergo
metabolic
reprogramming
mediated
by
complex
signaling
pathways.
Immune
maintain
are
influenced
microenvironmental
cues.
A
series
of
immunometabolic
enzymes
modulate
cell
function
metabolizing
nutrients
accumulating
products.
These
reverse
cells’
differentiation,
disrupt
intracellular
pathways,
regulate
responses,
thereby
influencing
disease
progression.
The
huge
population
enzymes,
ubiquity,
complexity
regulation
have
kept
mechanisms
related
to
many
diseases
from
being
discovered,
what
has
been
revealed
so
far
is
only
tip
iceberg.
This
review
comprehensively
summarized
enzymes’
multiple
such
as
T
cells,
macrophages,
natural
killer
dendritic
cells.
By
classifying
dissecting
immunometabolism
implications
diseases,
summarizing
analyzing
advancements
research
clinical
applications
inhibitors
targeting
these
this
intended
provide
new
perspective
concerning
for
understanding
system,
offer
novel
insight
into
future
therapeutic
interventions.
Metabolites,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
15(3), С. 176 - 176
Опубликована: Март 5, 2025
The
biology
of
schizophrenia
is
highly
complex
and
multifaceted.
Numerous
efforts
have
been
made
over
the
years
to
disentangle
heterogeneity
disease,
gradually
leading
a
more
detailed
understanding
its
underlying
pathogenic
mechanisms.
Two
cardinal
elements
in
pathophysiology
are
neuroinflammation
alterations
neurotransmission.
kynurenine
(KYN)
pathway
(KP)
particular
importance
because
it
inducted
by
systemic
low-grade
inflammation
peripheral
tissues,
producing
metabolites
that
neuroactive
(i.e.,
modulating
glutamatergic
cholinergic
neurotransmission),
neuroprotective,
or
neurotoxic.
Consequently,
KP
at
crossroads
between
two
primary
systems
involved
pathogenesis
schizophrenia.
It
bridges
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
periphery,
as
can
cross
blood–brain
barrier
modulate
neuronal
activity.
Metabolic
syndrome
plays
crucial
role
this
context,
frequently
co-occurs
with
schizophrenia,
contributing
sub-inflammatory
state
able
activate
KP.
This
narrative
review
provides
valuable
insights
into
these
interactions,
offering
framework
for
developing
targeted
therapeutic
interventions
precision
psychiatry
approaches
disorder.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
13(15), С. 1259 - 1259
Опубликована: Июль 26, 2024
This
review
discusses
the
potential
of
targeting
kynurenine
pathway
(KP)
in
treatment
inflammatory
diseases.
The
KP,
responsible
for
catabolism
amino
acid
tryptophan
(TRP),
produces
metabolites
that
regulate
various
physiological
processes,
including
inflammation,
cell
cycle,
and
neurotransmission.
These
metabolites,
although
necessary
to
maintain
immune
balance,
may
accumulate
excessively
during
leading
systemic
disorders.
Key
KP
enzymes
such
as
indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase
1
(IDO1),
2
(IDO2),
(TDO),
3-monooxygenase
(KMO)
have
been
considered
promising
therapeutic
targets.
It
was
highlighted
both
inhibition
activation
these
be
beneficial,
depending
on
specific
disorder.
Several
conditions,
autoimmune
diseases,
which
modulation
activity
holds
promise,
described
detail.
Preclinical
studies
suggest
this
an
effective
strategy
diseases
options
are
currently
limited.
Taken
together,
highlights
importance
further
research
clinical
application
enzyme
development
new
strategies
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(18), С. 9940 - 9940
Опубликована: Сен. 14, 2024
Kidney
transplantation
significantly
improves
the
survival
of
patients
with
end-stage
kidney
disease
(ESKD)
compared
to
other
forms
replacement
therapy.
However,
transplant
recipients’
outcomes
are
not
fully
satisfactory
due
increased
risk
cardiovascular
diseases,
infections,
and
malignancies.
Immune-related
complications
remain
biggest
challenge
in
management
graft
recipients.
Despite
broad
spectrum
immunosuppressive
agents
available
more
detailed
methods
used
monitor
their
effectiveness,
chronic
allograft
nephropathy
remains
most
common
cause
rejection.
The
kynurenine
(KYN)
pathway
is
main
route
tryptophan
(Trp)
degradation,
resulting
production
a
plethora
substances
ambiguous
properties.
Conversion
Trp
KYN
by
enzyme
indoleamine
2,3-dioxygenase
(IDO)
rate-limiting
step
determining
formation
next
from
pathway.
IDO
activity,
as
well
subsequent
metabolites
pathway,
highly
dependent
on
balance
between
pro-
anti-inflammatory
conditions.
Moreover,
products
themselves
possess
immunomodulating
properties,
e.g.,
modify
activity
control
immune-related
processes.
were
widely
studied
neurological
disorders
but
recently
gained
attention
researchers
context
immune-mediated
diseases.
Evidence
that
this
degradation
may
represent
peripheral
tolerogenic
significant
implications
for
further
fueled
interest.
Our
review
aimed
present
recent
knowledge
about
role
pathogenesis,
diagnosis,
monitoring,
treatment
complications.
Journal of Neurochemistry,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2024
This
preface
introduces
the
Special
Issue
on
Neuroimmunology
in
Journal
of
Neurochemistry.
The
basis
neuroimmunology
is
to
understand
functional
interactions
between
cells
immune
system
and
central
nervous
(CNS).
These
communicate
across
systems
because
they
share
signaling
molecules
corresponding
receptors.
Moreover,
this
cell
allows
for
dynamic
bidirectional
communication
brain
both
within
CNS
proper
as
well
peripheral
organs.
Because
this,
intersects
with
many
biological
processes
including
immunity,
behavior,
endocrinology,
metabolism,
pathology.
Understanding
neuroimmune
that
influence
homeostasis
especially
relevant
health
disease.
special
issue
comprises
14
articles,
representing
9
review
articles
5
original
covering
roles
injury,
&
infections,
cancer,
Alzheimer's
disease,
COVID-19.
Thus,
these
highlight
different
aspects
signaling,
represent
progress
understanding
consequences
inflammation
key
pathways
brains.
