Crop genetic erosion: understanding and responding to loss of crop diversity

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 233(1), С. 84 - 118

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2021

Summary Crop diversity underpins the productivity, resilience and adaptive capacity of agriculture. Loss this diversity, termed crop genetic erosion, is therefore concerning. While alarms regarding evident declines in have been raised for over a century, magnitude, trajectory, drivers significance these losses remain insufficiently understood. We outline various definitions, measurements, scales sources information on erosion. then provide synthesis evidence changes traditional landraces farms, modern cultivars agriculture, wild relatives their natural habitats resources held conservation repositories. This indicates that marked losses, but also maintenance increases occurred all contexts, extent depending species, taxonomic geographic scale, region, as well analytical approach. discuss steps needed to further advance knowledge around agricultural societal significance, implications, Finally, we propose actions mitigate, stem reverse diversity.

Язык: Английский

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Global genetic diversity status and trends: towards a suite of Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) for genetic composition

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 97(4), С. 1511 - 1538

Опубликована: Апрель 12, 2022

Biodiversity underlies ecosystem resilience, function, sustainable economies, and human well-being. Understanding how biodiversity sustains ecosystems under anthropogenic stressors global environmental change will require new ways of deriving applying data. A major challenge is that data knowledge are scattered, biased, collected with numerous methods, stored in inconsistent ways. The Group on Earth Observations Observation Network (GEO BON) has developed the Essential Variables (EBVs) as fundamental metrics to help aggregate, harmonize, interpret observation from diverse sources. Mapping analyzing EBVs can evaluate aspects distributed geographically they over time. also intended serve inputs validation forecast status trends biodiversity, support policy decision making. Here, we assess feasibility implementing Genetic Composition (Genetic EBVs), which within-species genetic variation. We review bring together areas field genetics each contributes regional monitoring respect theory, sampling logistics, metadata, archiving, aggregation, modeling, technological advances. propose four EBVs: (i) Diversity; (ii) Differentiation; (iii) Inbreeding; (iv) Effective Population Size (Ne ). rank according their relevance, sensitivity change, generalizability, scalability, availability. outline workflow for generating underlying EBVs, advances needs archiving composition metadata. discuss be operationalized by visualizing space time across species forecasting beyond current observations using various modeling approaches. Our then explores challenges standardization, costs operationalizing well future directions opportunities maximize uptake globally research policy. collection, annotation, availability made past decade, practical standardized framework large-scale reporting. Rapid DNA sequencing technology present opportunities, but regionally globally. With these advances, starting integrated into conservation policy, foundation all species' long-term persistence face change. conclude a summary concrete steps researchers makers advancing operationalization EBVs. technical analytical foundations developed, practitioners should anticipate increasing application efforts emerge scale up

Язык: Английский

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Conservation and the Genomics of Populations

Oxford University Press eBooks, Год журнала: 2022, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2022

Abstract Loss of biodiversity is among the greatest problems facing world today. Conservation and Genomics Populations gives a comprehensive overview essential background, concepts, tools needed to understand how genetic information can be used conserve species threatened with extinction, manage ecological or commercial importance. New molecular techniques, statistical methods, computer programs, principles, methods are becoming increasingly useful in conservation biological diversity. Using balance data theory, coupled basic applied research examples, this book examines phenotypic variation natural populations, principles mechanisms evolutionary change, interpretation from these conservation. The includes examples plants, animals, microbes wild captive populations. This third edition has been thoroughly revised include advances genomics contains new chapters on population genomics, monitoring, genetics practice, as well sections climate emerging diseases, metagenomics, more. More than one-third references were published after previous edition. Each 24 Appendix end Guest Box written by an expert who provides example presented chapter their own work. for advanced undergraduate graduate students genetics, resource management, biology, professional biologists policy-makers working wildlife habitat management agencies. Much will also interest nonprofessionals curious about role

Язык: Английский

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Opportunities and challenges of macrogenetic studies

Nature Reviews Genetics, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 22(12), С. 791 - 807

Опубликована: Авг. 18, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Life sets off a cascade of machines

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 122(4)

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2025

Life is invasive, occupying all physically accessible scales, stretching between almost nothing (protons, electrons, and photons) everything (the whole biosphere). Motivated by seventeenth-century insights into this infinity, paper proposes a language to discuss life as an infinite double cascade of machines making machines. Using simplified language, we first the micro-cascade proposed Leibniz, which describes how self-reproducing machine cell built smaller submachines down atomic scale. In other direction, propose that macro-cascade builds from cells larger, organizational machines, up scale biosphere. The two cascades meet at critical point 10 3 s in time 1 micron length, scales microbial cell. We speculate on evolved once self-replicating emerged salty water prebiotic earth.

Язык: Английский

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The Complexity of Urban Eco-evolutionary Dynamics

BioScience, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 70(9), С. 772 - 793

Опубликована: Июль 7, 2020

Abstract Urbanization is changing Earth's ecosystems by altering the interactions and feedbacks between fundamental ecological evolutionary processes that maintain life. Humans in cities alter eco-evolutionary play simultaneously both actors stage on which takes place. modifies land surfaces, microclimates, habitat connectivity, networks, food webs, species diversity, composition. These environmental changes can lead to phenotypic, genetic, cultural makeup of wild populations have important consequences for ecosystem function essential services nature provides human society, such as nutrient cycling, pollination, seed dispersal, production, water air purification. Understanding monitoring urbanization-induced inform strategies achieve sustainability. In present article, we propose understanding these dynamics requires rigorous characterization urbanizing regions rapidly evolving, tightly coupled human–natural systems. We explore how emergent properties urbanization affect across space time. identify five key urban drivers change—habitat modification, heterogeneity, novel disturbances, biotic interactions—and highlight direct urbanization-driven change nature's contributions people. Then, emerging complexities—landscape complexity, discontinuities, socio-ecological cross-scale interactions, legacies time lags—that need be tackled future research. evolving metacommunity concept a powerful framework study dynamics.

Язык: Английский

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Navigating the temporal continuum of effective population size

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 13(1), С. 22 - 41

Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2021

Abstract Effective population size, Ne, is a key evolutionary parameter that determines the levels of genetic variation and efficacy selection. Estimation interpretation Ne are essential in diverse areas conservation biology, ranging from assessing potential or extinction risk to empowering research on genomic basis adaptation. The applications concept resulted largely independent methodological developments using different definitions focusing estimation either contemporary long‐term Ne. Recently, several novel approaches appeared allow temporal trends at various parts continuum. Here, we provide an overview aspects asking whether existing methods available data estimates for entire We outline apparent division into literature, review across continuum navigate reader through it pointing important biological limitations inherent procedures. Finally, examples recent future perspectives. conclude can now be inferred complementary approaches, bringing together Further rapid progress field expected wide adoption machine learning transition haplotype‐resolved data. notwithstanding, interpretational difficulties likely remain, emphasising need thorough understanding theory behind methods, their assumptions limitations.

Язык: Английский

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LEA 3: Factor models in population genetics and ecological genomics with R

Molecular Ecology Resources, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 21(8), С. 2738 - 2748

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2021

Abstract A major objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the processes by which organisms have adapted various environments, and predict response new or future conditions. The availability large genomic environmental data sets provides an opportunity address those questions, R package LEA has been introduced facilitate population ecological analyses in this context. By using latent factor models, program computes ancestry coefficients from genetic performs genotype–environment association with correction for unobserved confounding variables. In study, we present functionalities LEA, include imputation missing genotypes, fast algorithms mixed models multivariate predictors studies, differentiation tests admixed continuous populations, estimation offset based on climate models. are implemented version 3.1 higher releases package. Using simulated real sets, our study evaluations examples applications, outlining important practical considerations when analysing .

Язык: Английский

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Spatiotemporal maintenance of flora in the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot: Current knowledge and future perspectives

Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(16), С. 10794 - 10812

Опубликована: Июль 17, 2021

Mountain ecosystems support a significant one-third of all terrestrial biodiversity, but our understanding the spatiotemporal maintenance this high biodiversity remains poor, or at best controversial. The Himalaya hosts complex mountain ecosystem with topographic and climatic heterogeneity harbors one world's richest floras. species endemism, together increasing anthropogenic threats, has qualified as most global hotspots. complexity makes it an ideal natural laboratory for studying mechanisms floral exchange, diversification, distributions. Here, we review literature pertaining to in order generate concise synthesis origin, distribution, climate change responses Himalayan flora. We found that supports rich Hengduan Mountains supplied majority elements, which subsequently diversified from late Miocene onward, create today's relatively endemicity Himalaya. Further, uncover links between diversification joint effect geological upheavals There is marked variance regarding dispersal, elevational gradients, impact among plant Himalaya, highlights some general trends recent advances on these aspects. Finally, provide recommendations conservation planning future research. Our work could be useful guiding research important will also new insights into underpinning other systems.

Язык: Английский

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A global analysis of habitat fragmentation research in reptiles and amphibians: what have we done so far?

Biodiversity and Conservation, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 32(2), С. 439 - 468

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2023

Abstract Habitat change and fragmentation are the primary causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Recent decades have seen a surge funding, published papers citations in field as these threats to continue rise. However, how research directions agenda evolving this remains poorly understood. In study, we examined current state on habitat (due agriculture, logging, fragmentation, urbanisation roads) pertaining two most threatened vertebrate groups, reptiles amphibians. We did so by conducting global scale review geographical taxonomical trends types, associated sampling methods response variables. Our analyses revealed number biases with existing efforts being focused three continents (e.g., North America, Europe Australia) surplus studies measuring species richness abundance. saw shift towards utilising technological advancements including genetic spatial data analyses. findings suggest important associations between prevalent variables but not types fragmentation. These agendas found homogeneously distributed across all continents. Increased investment appropriate techniques is crucial hotpots such tropics where unprecedented herpetofauna exist.

Язык: Английский

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