On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene

Ecosphere, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 6(8), С. 1 - 55

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2015

Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality associated broad‐scale forest die‐off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic the Anthropocene—are focus rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability trees hotter pests pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management policy‐making communities regarding future risks. We summarize key mortality‐relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels vulnerability. Evidence includes benefits elevated [CO 2 ] water‐use efficiency; observed modeled increases in growth canopy greening; widespread woody‐plant biomass, density, extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; potential mitigation management. In contrast, document more rapid under negative physiological responses accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence rising background rates; projected frequency, intensity, duration; limitations vegetation models such as inadequately represented processes; warming feedbacks from die‐off; wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape but have not been discussed collectively. also present a set global drivers are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) produces droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand nonlinearly temperature during drought; (4) can faster drought, consistent fundamental physiology; (5) shorter frequently than longer become lethal warming, increasing frequency nonlinearly; (6) happens relative intervals needed for recovery. These high‐confidence drivers, concert research supporting perspectives, support overall viewpoint globally. surmise is being discounted part difficulties predicting threshold extreme climate events. Given profound societal implications underestimating highlight urgent challenges management, communities.

Язык: Английский

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Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size

Nature, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 507(7490), С. 90 - 93

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2014

Язык: Английский

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Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation

Nature, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 528(7580), С. 119 - 122

Опубликована: Ноя. 23, 2015

Язык: Английский

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The stay-green trait

Journal of Experimental Botany, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 65(14), С. 3889 - 3900

Опубликована: Март 5, 2014

Stay-green (sometimes staygreen) refers to the heritable delayed foliar senescence character in model and crop plant species. In a cosmetic stay-green, lesion interferes with an early step chlorophyll catabolism. The possible contribution of synthesis turnover stay-greens is considered. functional stay-greens, transition from carbon capture period nitrogen mobilization (senescence) phase canopy development delayed, and/or syndrome proceeds slowly. Yield composition high-carbon (C) crops such as cereals, high-nitrogen (N) species legumes, reflect source-sink relationship C N remobilization. Quantitative trait loci studies show that stay-green valuable for improving stress tolerance, associated domestication cereals. variants reveal how autumnal dormancy are coordinated trees. phenotype can be result alterations hormone metabolism signalling, particularly affecting networks involving cytokinins ethylene. Members WRKY NAC families, ever-expanding cast additional senescence-associated transcription factors, identifiable by mutations stay-green. Empirical selection has contributed increasing yields, where it part strategy also targets other traits sink capacity environmental sensitivity appropriate management methodology. onset progress phenological metrics climate change sensitivity, indicating understanding contribute design types future environments.

Язык: Английский

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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Beneficial Companions of Plants’ Developmental Processes

Frontiers in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 7

Опубликована: Сен. 26, 2016

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated inevitably in the redox reactions of plants, including respiration and photosynthesis. In earlier studies, ROS were considered as toxic by-products aerobic pathways metabolism. But recent years, concept about has changed because they also participate developmental processes plants by acting signaling molecules. regulate many such cell proliferation differentiation, programmed death, seed germination, gravitropism, root hair growth pollen tube development, senescence, etc. Despite much progress, a comprehensive update advances understanding mechanisms evoked that mediate development fragmentry matter perception cascade remains open. Therefore, keeping view above facts, an attempt been made this article to summarize findings regarding updates regulatory action at various plant stages, which still not well-known.

Язык: Английский

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Autophagy, plant senescence, and nutrient recycling

Journal of Experimental Botany, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 65(14), С. 3799 - 3811

Опубликована: Март 31, 2014

Large numbers of publications have appeared over the last few years, dealing with molecular details regulation and process autophagy machinery in animals, plants, unicellular eukaryotic organisms. This strong interest is caused by fact that autophagic involved adaptation organisms to their environment stressful conditions, thereby contributing cell organism survival longevity. In as other eukaryotes, associated longevity mutants display early leaf senescence symptoms, however, exact role a pro-survival or pro-death unclear. Recently, evidence participates nitrogen remobilization has been provided, but duality and/or nutrient recycling through component catabolism remains. review aims give an overview senescence-associated processes from physiological point view discuss relationships between recycling, proteolysis, autophagy. The dual discussed.

Язык: Английский

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miR408is involved in abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis

The Plant Journal, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 84(1), С. 169 - 187

Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2015

Summary Micro RNA s (mi s) are small that regulate the expression of target genes post‐transcriptionally; they known to play major roles in development and responses abiotic stress. mi R 408 is a highly conserved plants responds availability copper targets encoding copper‐containing proteins. It was recently recognized be an important component HY 5– SPL 7 gene network mediates coordinated response light copper, illustrating its central role environment. Expression significantly affected by variety developmental ‏environmental conditions; however, biological function ‏unknown. Involvement stress investigated A rabidopsis. , as well genes, salinity, cold, oxidative stress, drought osmotic Analyses transgenic with modulated revealed higher leads improved tolerance cold but enhanced sensitivity Cellular antioxidant capacity elevated expression, manifested reduced levels reactive oxygen species induced associated antioxidative functions, including C u/ Z n superoxide dismutases ( CSD 1 2 ) glutathione‐ S ‐transferase GST ‐ U 25 ), auxiliary genes: chaperone CCS redox stress‐associated SAP 12 . Overall, results demonstrate significant involvement responses, emphasizing plant survival.

Язык: Английский

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Living to Die and Dying to Live: The Survival Strategy behind Leaf Senescence

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 169(2), С. 914 - 930

Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2015

Senescence represents the final developmental act of leaf, during which leaf cell is dismantled in a coordinated manner to remobilize nutrients and secure reproductive success. The process senescence provides plant with phenotypic plasticity help it adapt adverse environmental conditions. Here, we provide comprehensive overview factors mechanisms that control onset senescence. We explain how competence senesce established development, as depicted by window model. also discuss phytohormones stresses well impact source-sink relationships on yield stress tolerance. In addition, role strategy for adaptation crop production food quality could benefit from engineering or breeding crops altered

Язык: Английский

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Nitrogen remobilisation during leaf senescence: lessons from Arabidopsis to crops

Journal of Experimental Botany, Год журнала: 2016, Номер unknown, С. erw365 - erw365

Опубликована: Сен. 29, 2016

As a result of climate changes, land use and agriculture have to adapt new demands. Agriculture is responsible for large part the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that be urgently reduced in order protect environment. At same time, has cope with challenges sustainably feeding growing world population. Reducing ammonia-nitrate fertilizers are GHGs released negative impact on carbon balance one objectives precision agriculture. One way reduce N without dramatically affecting grain yields improve nitrogen recycling remobilization performances plants. Mechanisms involved recycling, such as autophagy, essential nutrient at whole-plant level seed quality. Studies leaf senescence provide perspectives improvement. The aim this review give an overview mechanisms during present different approaches undertaken efficiency using both model plants crop species.

Язык: Английский

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Autophagic Recycling Plays a Central Role in Maize Nitrogen Remobilization

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 27(5), С. 1389 - 1408

Опубликована: Май 1, 2015

Autophagy is a primary route for nutrient recycling in plants by which superfluous or damaged cytoplasmic material and organelles are encapsulated delivered to the vacuole breakdown. Central autophagy conjugation pathway that attaches AUTOPHAGY-RELATED8 (ATG8) phosphatidylethanolamine, then coats emerging autophagic membranes helps with cargo recruitment, vesicle enclosure, subsequent docking tonoplast. A key component ATG8 function ATG12, promotes lipidation upon its attachment ATG5. Here, we fully defined maize (Zea mays) ATG system transcriptionally characterized it genetically through atg12 mutants block modification. have compromised transport as determined localization of YFP-ATG8 reporter vacuolar cleavage during nitrogen fixed-carbon starvation. Phenotypic analyses showed phenotypically normal fertile when grown under nutrient-rich conditions. However, nitrogen-starved, seedling growth severely arrested, mature, they show enhanced leaf senescence stunted ear development. Nitrogen partitioning studies revealed remobilization impaired plants, significantly decreases seed yield nitrogen-harvest index. Together, our demonstrate autophagy, while nonessential, becomes critical stress impacts productivity suboptimal field

Язык: Английский

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