Floral and reproductive traits are an independent dimension within the plant economic spectrum of temperate central Europe

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 236(5), С. 1964 - 1975

Опубликована: Июль 17, 2022

Summary Major dimensions of plant ecological strategies have been widely studied bringing forward the concept ‘economic spectra’ plants. Sexual reproductive traits, ‘floral traits’, largely neglected in this context, despite their strong link to fitness. Here, we aimed at integrating floral traits into dimensionality form and function so far dominated by vegetative traits. We used principal component analyses constructed trait networks assess correlation structure leaf, belowground, size‐related, forbs within two independent datasets; one compiled from central European databases sampled Austrian Alps. Floral defined second dimension variability both datasets, while size determined first dimension. were leaf economic spectrum. Flower size, however, positively scaled with size. Mating system was most well‐connected across modules tissue/organ types. The independence consistent also after accounting for phylogenetic relationships between species. explained a unique part variation thus, likely play distinctive role whole

Язык: Английский

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Flowers are leakier than leaves but cheaper to build

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 239(6), С. 2076 - 2082

Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2023

Flowers are critical to reproduction in angiosperms and have been credited with promoting diversification the rapid spread of flowering plants globally (Sanderson & Donoghue, 1994; Crepet Niklas, 2009; Leslie et al., 2021). Although they typically short-lived, flowers require resources, such as carbon, water, nutrients, for their production maintenance (Reekie Bazzaz, 1987a,b; Ashman Schoen, Song 2022). Water, particular, is used throughout development anthesis a variety functions, including driving growth expansion, keeping turgid on display pollinators, providing rewards nectar, regulating temperature (Bazzaz 1987; Galen 1999; Patiño Grace, 2002; Chapotin 2003; De la Barrera Nobel, 2004; Roddy Dawson, 2012; Roddy, 2019; Treado Additionally, regularly lose water atmosphere, this loss may increase during hot dry conditions often associated droughts (Hew 1980; Feild Teixido Valladares, 2014; Sinha Flower balance is, therefore, flower function, yet surprisingly little known about mechanisms flowers, how physiological traits related carbon influence costs floral display, hydraulic affect drought responses (Roddy 2016, 2021; Bourbia 2020; McMann The rate from – and, indeed, all aerial organs ultimately determined by atmospheric that drive net plant atmosphere (e.g. solar radiation, temperature, humidity, windspeed) structure epidermis, which controls total surface conductance vapor (gt). Stomata epidermis primary pathway movement sizes densities maximum rates transpirational (Hetherington Woodward, Franks Beerling, 2009). Compared leaves, relatively few, if any, stomata petals petaloid structures Lipayeva, 1989; 2016; Zhang 2018). Under well-watered conditions, high angiosperm leaves allow transpiration exceed those (Feild However, under leaf close limit loss, causing any remaining flux be due minimum epidermal (gmin), cuticle incompletely closed (Kerstiens, 1996; Duursma Márquez After drought-induced stomatal closure can or even (Sinha 2022; An 2023), suggesting corolla gmin hinder ability maintain periods stress (Lambrecht, 2013; Buschhaus 2015; 2020). Yet, despite whole-plant hydration its role has measured only few species (Patiño Here, we compared set balance, particularly (Brodribb 2007; Boyce Simonin 2018; 2023). We gmin, content per unit projected area (Warea) mass (Wmass), vein density (Dv), (leaf area, LMA, petal PMA) over 100 41 families growing common garden determine these differ among construction maintenance. differed significantly most evaluated (Fig. 1; Table 1). Water positively capacitance (Ogburn Edwards, 2019), was higher than leaves. also had Warea though difference not significant after accounting shared evolutionary history, range larger it With mean 12.68 mmol m−2 s−1, neighboring Leaf 4.65 similar interspecific recent literature survey (mean 4.9 s−1; 2019) some tropical (Slot Of 101 data both 27 lower highlights contribute budgets (Lambrecht Lambrecht, 2013). In many species, positioned distal resulting shading suppressing foliar (Shen Sonnentag 2011). because hottest, driest parts crown, translate into 2012). For example, previous work avocado shown combination resulted c. 13% canopy (Whiley 1988). Given average, 1), potentially dominate More needed at scale characterize whether when detrimentally impact status precipitate failure vegetative (Nobel, 1977; Lambrecht Brodribb, 2017; Using our measurements Warea, calculated residence times ( τ $$ \tau ) assuming constant pressure deficit (VPD) 1 kPa. Despite having slightly shorter driven A suggests exceeds supply, drought, would desiccate more rapidly gmin. VPD mild kPa used, shorter. increasing 2.5 reduces average 21.86 8.74 h 47.83 19.13 h. scenario, within day without new consistent reports Calycanthus heatwave contents supplies remain turgid. That whole-flower reiterates 2016). early suggestions hydrated primarily phloem (Trolinder 1993; 2003), meaningful amounts overall budget 2022), given intrinsic need connected xylem system avoid desiccation liquid delivered network veins traverse petal. Dv 2018), vulnerable outpace leading declines potential could cause stem (Bourbia (i.e. Wmass) minimize changes low conductance. would, suppress diurnal variation potential, reducing excessive potentials stems likelihood decline enough embolism (Zhang 2018, 2019). Understanding Wmass interact stems, extension will better characterizing availability. implications biomechanics petals. short-lived like petals, likely favored selection Olson Pittermann, Longer-lived incur withstand attack enemies (Ashman, Boaventura How biomass other resources variable context-dependent Reekie 1987b; 2021), but coupled important ways. Supplying denser diameter elements, carbon-rich costly produce. Similarly, better-limiting building thicker cuticles investment (Buschhaus Cheng every molecule requires least 400 molecules transpired (Nobel 2005), cheaper employ hydrostatic skeleton rather an expensive, carbon-based structural support. tested terms initial examining relationship between investment. scaled LMA (slope = 0.96 (0.84, 1.09), R2 0.56, P < 0.0001) PMA 1.01 (0.88, 1.16), 0.52, 0.0001), statistically indistinguishable slopes (P 0.47). intercept scaling (t 2.69, df 98, 0.01). result reduction leftward shift regression Fig. 2(a). negatively −0.75 (−0.91, −0.63), 0.14, 0.001) −0.69 (−0.83, −0.58), 0.16, 0.36) 2.57, 0.05). intercepts relationships support hypothesis rely maintained cheap, thin cell walls wall elasticity explain why modulus large volume small While there numerous consider flowers. propose two alternative explanations pattern. First, greater through additional cuticular waxes; then required further reduce worth paying organ. Second, composition experience divergent multiple functions. majority attract pollinators visual cues (van der Kooi humidity gradients (von Arx Dahake release volatile organic compounds (Dudareva Corolla structurally different (Jetter 2008; optical properties, emission, (Goodwin Whitney Liao Thus, pollinator functions tightly balance. Because climate change affecting aridity abundances, relative producing maintaining change, alter dynamics (Thomann Gallagher Campbell, Kuppler Kotowska, shifting selective regimes function evolution understanding future viability globally. Plants were sampled 2011 2012 University California Botanical Garden Berkeley, CA, USA, where year. samples represent phylogenetically ecologically diverse vary stature, habitat, phenology (Supporting Information S1). morning, 08:00 09:00 h, excising shoot immediately recutting cut end inches apical or, woody one node cut. If present shoot, excised leafy way. Cut ends remained shoots kept bucket shield them transport. Shoots transported back laboratory dark before trait sampling. same plant, individual species. sampling approach values each well-suited test traits. Minimum (gmin) petiole basis When fused, fused intact surfaces. Immediately upon excision, surfaces sealed either cyanoacrylate glue petroleum jelly. Samples hung placed mesh screen cabinet fan blowing directly order maximize boundary layer Every 5–20 min, weighed analytical (Sartorius CPA225D, resolution 0.0001 g) inside chamber recorded. 10 measurements, sample scanned photographed subsequent measurement dried 70°C 72 measurement. scanning sometimes meant dissect flatten ensuring no overlapping. Areas using ImageJ manually tracing outlines (Schneider mass, spreadsheet available https://prometheusprotocols.net/function/gas-exchange-and-chlorophyll-fluorescence/stomatal-and-nonstomatal-conductance-and-transpiration/minimum-epidermal-conductance-gmin-a-k-a-cuticular-conductance/. displayed nonlinear time, discarded assumption artificially incomplete closure. fitting linear deficit. cases, sampled, suggest intraspecific (LMA) (PMA) quantified made divided sample, (Wmass) W \frac{W_{\mathrm{area}}}{\mathrm{LMA}} , converted units grams gram mass. time E =\frac{W_{\mathrm{area}}}{E} rate, (Simonin . Most (Dv) published previously 2013) methods briefly summarized here. 1-cm2 sections midway midrib margin, base tip 4% NaOH. To account variability petal, collected 2–4 wk, washed distilled H2O, transferred 3% bleach solution 20 again 95% ethanol. clearing NaOH, H2O ethanol, skipping bleaching step. Once stained Safranin O imaged ×5 ×20 magnification compound microscope outfitted digital camera. One images section five 12 captured. image, length (v.1.44o; Schneider 2012) image calculate area. analyses. All analyses conducted R (v.4.1.2) log-transformed data. outliers visually boxplots Q–Q plots removed outlying trait, six across tended keep removing them. Differences paired t-tests. statistical nonindependence informed broadly inclusive, dated phylogeny created v.phylomaker (Jin Qian, looking up level family classification package taxize (Chamberlain Szocs, Phylogenetically controlled t-tests phyl.pairedttest phytools (Revell, Standard major axis regressions slope elevation tests smatr (Warton This supported grants Jepson Herbarium California, US NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, grant CMMI-2029756 ABR. S.F. Oberbauer, D.C. Paiva, three anonymous reviewers provided valuable feedback earlier drafts. thank H. Forbes Botanic facilitating access material. None declared. ABR, CMG, PVAF, SM, TED KAS conceptualized study. ABR CMG analyzed wrote manuscript. authors edited Supplementary Information. S1 Species-level Please note: Wiley responsible functionality Supporting supplied authors. Any queries (other missing material) should directed New Phytologist Central Office. publisher supporting information content) corresponding author article.

Язык: Английский

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Landscape composition influences invertebrate herbivory on flowering forbs in semi-natural grasslands

Basic and Applied Ecology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Disruption of pollination by herbivores is rescued by nectar yeasts

Journal of Ecology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 112(8), С. 1719 - 1730

Опубликована: Июль 8, 2024

Abstract Attracting pollinators to achieve successful reproduction is a key challenge for wild plants that may be disturbed by complex multispecies interactions in nature. Pairwise plant–pollinator have traditionally been studied decades, while ignoring other ecological players obscure comprehensive understanding on how recruit partners or combat enemies the pollination process. Hence, integrated studies considering inherent complexity of are needed, which open up new perspectives deciphering intricate systems and predicting consequences. We examined presence nectar yeasts using combination high‐throughput sequencing, cultivation microscopy quantified floral herbivory evaluating incidence flowers with visible holes 13 natural populations Iris bulleyana Hengduan Mountains southwest China during 2017–2022. combined yeast inoculation herbivore manipulation treatments illustrate isolated impacts two contrasting nectarivorous organisms, ascomycetous Metschnikowia reukaufii adult sawflies, pollinator visitation plant reproductive success populations. In lab, we first employed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry profile volatile metabolites yeast‐inoculated relative control, followed behavioural bioassay test preference honeybees these microbial volatiles. Yeasts commonly inhabited insect herbivores frequently bit perianth tube consume nectaries. Nectar indirectly facilitated through increased visits, probably because metabolism as preferred volatiles produced bioassays. Insect total visits but reduced legitimate inducing legitimate‐to‐robbing changes honeybees, thus leading lower seed production. The detrimental effect was mitigated yeasts, diminished proportion robbing thereby ‘rescued’ from failure. Synthesis : Overall, found effects non‐pollinator species, including both micro‐ macro‐organisms, biodiversity hotspot, where deficit ubiquitous phenomenon. Our findings suggest likely important explaining exact causes pollen limitation species‐rich areas, highlighting biological context dependence species ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Reproductive Biology of the Desertic Micro‐Endemic Nolana chapiensis (Solanaceae: Nolanoideae) in Southern Peru: Self‐Incompatibility and Solitary Bees as Exclusive Pollinators

Austral Ecology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 50(5)

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Understanding the reproductive biology of microendemic species is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies since they frequently have small, restricted and threatened populations. Nolana chapiensis (Solanaceae: Nolanoideae) a desert found in southern Peru that was studied Arequipa department at an altitude 2280 m, from March to April 2023–2024. This study documents floral features, breeding system, pollination process fruiting success. The system assessed by isolating plants pollinators (bagging). Pollination processes were observed field using photo video documentation. Flowers exhibited short lifespan (3–5 days) with opening closing events correlated fluctuations temperature. pollinator‐dependent self‐incompatible (unable set fruit without cross‐pollination mediated pollinators). All five identified pollinator are solitary bees, Andrenidae accounting 83.91% visits. Most female bees pollinate during pollen‐collecting activities. However, males also contribute while waiting females inside tube. Natural success per individual high, ranging 35.15% 74.77%. While high might be unexpected environments self‐compatible species, this case, it could attributed diversity behaviour species. represents first detailed within genus, coupling experiments observations.

Язык: Английский

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Size Variation in Flower Petals of Chinese Animal‐Pollinated Plants in Response to Climatic and Altitudinal Gradients

Ecology and Evolution, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(5)

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

ABSTRACT The evolutionary adaptations of plant reproductive structures, including angiosperm petal size, are driven by a combination natural selection influenced ecological conditions. While previous studies have emphasized pollinator‐driven on traits, significant gaps remain in understanding how abiotic factors, biotic interactions, and life‐history trade‐offs jointly shape size across broad environmental gradients. This study integrates macrogeographic analyses 10,228 animal‐pollinated species China's diverse climatic regions, combining trait data from national flora databases, distribution records, high‐resolution climate variables. Using hierarchical regression, variance partitioning, threshold detection models, we disentangle the effects altitude, latitude, temperature, precipitation absolute its ratio to height (MR), while contrasting woody herbaceous life histories. Key findings reveal: (1) nonlinear thresholds drivers, with declining sharply above 3200 m altitude 1100 mm annual precipitation; (2) as dominant predictor MR, explaining 30% variance, particularly alpine zones where floral conspicuousness increases despite dwarfing; (3) divergent strategies between species, plants prioritize warm climates, amplify MR under high‐altitude stress; (4) climate‐geography interactions 62%–71% variation, highlighting context‐dependent pollinator attraction stress tolerance. work provides comprehensive framework linking traits multivariate gradients at continental scales, offering critical insights into adaptive change emphasizing altitude‐mediated key driver diversity.

Язык: Английский

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Differential effects of petal and anther damage on pollinator behavior and plant reproduction in an enantiostylous species

Arthropod-Plant Interactions, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 19(3)

Опубликована: Май 22, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Effects of Florivory on Floral Visitors and Reproductive Success of Sagittaria lancifolia (Alismataceae) in a Mexican Wetland

Plants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(4), С. 547 - 547

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2024

Florivores consume floral structures with negative effects on plant fitness and pollinator attraction. Several studies have evaluated these consequences in hermaphroditic plants, but little is known about the monoecious dioecious species. We characterize florivory its visitors reproductive success a population of Sagittaria lancifolia. Five categories were established according to petal area consumed. Visits recorded male female flowers within different damage categories. Reproductive was through fruit number weight, as well seeds per fruit. Our results show that weevil Tanysphyrus lemnae main florivore, it mainly damages flowers. Hymenoptera most frequent both Male showed differences visit frequency, which decreases flower increases. negatively related level damage. found common S. lancifolia, can exert strong selective pressure by making less attractive reducing Future are needed know how florivores affect fitness.

Язык: Английский

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Floral resource availability declines and florivory increases along an elevation gradient in a highly biodiverse community

Annals of Botany, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2024

Flower-visitor interactions comprise a continuum of behaviors, from mutualistic partners to antagonistic visitors. Despite being relatively frequent in natural communities, florivory remains unexplored, especially when comprising abiotic factors, spatio-temporal variations and global environmental changes. Here, we addressed the variation driven by changes elevation temporal flower availability. We expect decreased floral resources as increases -due constraints- which may affect plant-florivore interactions. Yet, if decrease but florivores remain constant, then an increase with increasing community.

Язык: Английский

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Among‐species variation in flower size determines florivory in the largest tropical wetland

American Journal of Botany, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 110(7)

Опубликована: Май 15, 2023

Flower damage caused by florivores often has negative consequences for plant reproduction. However, the factors affecting plant-florivore interactions are still poorly understood, especially role of abiotic and interspecific variation in florivory within ecosystems. Thus, patterns levels its communities need to be investigated further.We assessed influence related climatic seasonality, phylogenetic relationships among plants, functional attributes associated with attractiveness pollinators on incidence intensity Pantanal, world's largest tropical wetland. Between December 2020 November 2021, percentage flowers attacked (incidence) petal area removed (intensity) were examined 51 species from 25 families, considering flowering season, substrate where plants occur, flower as potentially determining levels.Phylogeny environmental did not have a significant florivory. The only determinant was size, larger experienced higher regardless season substrate, while arrangement color factors.Our study is one first estimate community-wide effects biotic both magnitude this interaction may reduce reproductive success entail selective pressures pollinators.

Язык: Английский

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