New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown
Опубликована: Март 13, 2025
Human activities have caused atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations to double since the onset of industrial era, with levels continuing rise at an unprecedented rate. This dramatic increase has far-reaching consequences for plant physiology, ecosystems, and global agriculture. While rising CO₂ may enhance growth through well-known 'CO₂ fertilisation' effect (Ainsworth & Long, 2021), its influence on health is far more complex. Recent research demonstrated that elevated (eCO₂) can alter immune responses pathogens, highly variable outcomes. Reports indicate eCO₂ enhance, suppress or no resistance, depending specific host–pathogen interactions, environmental conditions, pathogen lifestyles (Bazinet et al., 2022; Li Ahammed, 2023; Sanchez-Lucas Smith Luna, 2023). variability underscores need better understand interplay between immunity predict potential impacts climate change health. Plant diseases, by a wide range are among most significant threats food security, biodiversity, forest The spread virulence pathogens already being shaped change, making it critical investigate how interacts defence mechanisms. study Bredow al. recently published in New Phytologist (2025; doi: 10.1111/nph.20364) takes important step towards addressing this knowledge gap. By evaluating affects soybean response three distinct (biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, necrotrophic), provides valuable framework understanding contrasting effects reported previous studies. Crucially, explore under concentration 550 ppm, which reflects realistic projections 2050 (Hamdan approach enhances relevance their findings plant–pathogen dynamics near future, results directly applicable ongoing discussions about agriculture ecosystems. Understanding broader implications eCO2 performance remains challenge due across diverse In study, influences physiology disease outcomes, offering new insights into complex growth, responses, lifestyles. Consistent (Sanchez-Lucas 2023), authors observed boosted photosynthetic rates biomass while decreasing stomatal conductance, density, aperture (Soba 2020). Nonetheless, gene expression analysis uncovered unexpected results: Certain photosynthesis-related genes were downregulated despite performance, indicating regulatory network than straightforward 'fertilisation effect' might suggest. A key strength paper lies pathogen-specific approach, covering bacterial, viral, fungal, oomycete different Under eCO₂, soybeans displayed enhanced resistance hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). was partly explained reduced penetration modest increases salicylic acid (SA), although SA less pronounced studies where strong SA-dependent defences (Williams 2018). contrast, became susceptible biotrophic viral Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) Soybean mosaic (SMV). For soil-borne revealed increased susceptibility necrotrophic fungus Fusarium virguliforme, responsible sudden death syndrome (SDS). Meanwhile, major changes Pythium sylvaticum, infection suppressed advantages eCO₂. Transcriptomic analyses unravelled even without challenge, upregulated linked basal jasmonic (JA) signaling. Surprisingly, did not improve against F. JA-dependent normally conferring protection necrotrophs. Therefore, highlights immunity, emphasising complexity interactions eCO2. highlight context-dependent nature eCO₂-induced continued investigation mechanisms underlying these multifaceted (Fig. 1). much known trade-offs energy allocation vs defence, understood whether divert resources away from effective activation responses. Considering been shown rates, crucial phenotypes Studies, such as our own others, begun address gap focusing physiological On one hand, widely recognised positive accumulation. contrary, disrupt carbon-to-nitrogen (C : N) ratios leaves, potentially compromising nutritional quality (Jobe Furthermore, oak seedlings promoted shoot simultaneously root – phenomenon also some legumes reduction could limit nutrient acquisition, exacerbating C N imbalance hindering biosynthesis defensive compounds. These suggest fertilisation initially thought. Enhanced come cost altered regulation, ultimately contribute susceptibility. To challenges, further needed unravel pathways, trade-off leave plants vulnerable attack. Existing literature categorises positive, negative, neutral, underscoring interactions. makes challenging generalise systems, lifestyles, host species. instance, demonstrate particularly SA-mediated pathways. Interestingly, typically associated biotrophs, certain viruses, heightened. Moreover, fungal Erysiphe alphitoides, causal agent powdery mildew align other accumulation However, both systems suggests additional factors override expected resistance. signaling pathways control hormone abscisic (ABA), controversial role (Stevens 2023) final outcome. because, progress made pathogens. underexplored area, but emerging picture contradictory. example, BPMV yet tomato, viruses (Huang 2012). pressing targeted pathosystems disentangle involved identify conditions context dependence noted review focused reinforces idea factors, lifestyle, species, microbial community composition all shaping Climate poses threat ecosystem stability, CO₂, heat waves, drought stressors. interconnected profoundly productivity, essential combined dynamics. incorporating abiotic stresses, drought, important, they remain limited. often water use efficiency mitigates drought-related stress, combination maize infections worsened (Vaughan 2016). Similarly, alleviate heat-induced changes, consistently translate improved outcomes species- system-dependent. multiple stresses interact shape natural ecosystems agricultural systems. resolved part puzzle integration physiological, molecular, transcriptomic reveals intricate factors. pave way future aimed unveiling phenotypes. As we look escalating like guiding development resilient crops sustainable management strategies, ensuring productivity increasingly hostile conditions. work funded JABBS foundation grant 'Resistance strategies trees arms race pathogens', BBSRC Future Leader Fellowship BB/P00556X/2 UKRI 'MEMBRA' NE/V021346/1. Foundation neutral regard jurisdictional claims maps any institutional affiliations.
Язык: Английский