Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes: a cross-sectional study

British Journal of Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 58(11), С. 586 - 597

Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2024

Objective The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare standard laboratory performance metrics transgender athletes cisgender athletes. Methods 19 men (CM) (mean±SD, age: 37±9 years), 12 (TM) (age: 34±7 23 women (TW) 34±10 years) and 21 (CW) 30±9 underwent a series tests, including body composition, lung function, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, strength lower power. Haemoglobin concentration in capillary blood testosterone oestradiol serum were also measured. Results In cohort athletes, TW had similar (TW 0.7±0.5 nmol/L, CW 0.9±0.4 nmol/), higher oestrogen 742.4±801.9 pmol/L, 336.0±266.3 p=0.045), absolute handgrip 40.7±6.8 kg, 34.2±3.7 p=0.01), forced expiratory volume 1 s:forced vital capacity ratio 0.83±0.07, 0.88±0.04, p=0.04), relative jump height 0.7±0.2 cm/kg; 1.0±0.2 cm/kg, p<0.001) V̇O 2 max 45.1±13.3 mL/kg/min/, 54.1±6.0 mL/kg/min, compared with TM (TM 20.5±5.8 CM 24.8±12.3 nmol/L), hand grip 38.8±7.5 45.7±6.9 p = 0.03) 3635±644 mL/min, 4467±641 mL/min 0.002) than CM. Conclusion While longitudinal transitioning studies are urgently needed, these results should caution against precautionary bans sport eligibility exclusions that not based on sport-specific (or sport-relevant) research.

Язык: Английский

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Joint position statement of the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) and European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA) on the IOC framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination based on gender identity and sex variations

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 8(1), С. e001273 - e001273

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

The IOC recently published its framework on fairness, inclusion and non-discrimination based gender identity sex variations. This is drafted mainly from a human rights perspective, with less consideration for medical/scientific issues. places the onus eligibility classification entirely International Federations (IFs), even though most will not have capacity to implement framework. position of no presumption advantage contrary 2015 consensus. Implementation 2021 be major challenge IFs that already recognised trans women athletes differences sexual development (DSD) using scientific/medical solution. potential consequences sports need prioritise fairness or safety could one two extremes (1) exclusion all transgender DSD grounds (2) self-identification essentially equates rules. Exclusion Olympic charter unlawful in many countries. While having rules, sport loses meaning near-universal support. Athletes should under pressure undergo medical procedures treatment meet criteria. However, if an athlete fully informed consents, then it their free choice carefully considered necessary interventions compete fairly safely chosen gender. Free fundamental right, but so right fair safe competition.

Язык: Английский

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Sex Differences in Grip Strength From Birth to Age 16: A Meta‐Analysis

European Journal of Sport Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 25(3)

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2025

ABSTRACT In 1985, Thomas and French published results of a meta‐analysis that examined sex differences in grip strength children 5 years age older. Their analysis included from only four studies, no update has been published. The purpose the current study was to use examine birth 16. 808 effects 169 studies conducted 45 countries between 1961 2023. total sample 353,676 (178,588 boys, 175,088 girls). From 16 age, consistently greater boys than girls. Between 3 10 old, effect size small‐to‐moderate, with female equaling 90% male (Hedges g = 0.33–0.46). At 11, decreased slightly, likely due girls reaching puberty before ( 0.29, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.22, 0.35]). 13, increased markedly 0.63, CIs [0.55, 0.70]). By 16, difference substantial, 65% 2.07, [1.86, 2.27]). Secondary analyses revealed is broadly similar mostly stable since 1960s, except for narrowing among 5–10‐year‐olds after 2010. Various biological factors explain why, on average, are stronger onward.

Язык: Английский

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The Effects of Gender Affirming Hormone Treatment on Transgender Women’s Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Май 25, 2025

Abstract Background: Gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) aligns transgender women’s profiles with their gender identity, alleviating dysphoria by inducing feminising changes. However, the effects of GAHT on musculoskeletal health, particularly bone mineral density (BMD), require ongoing evaluation. A previous meta-analysis showed had a small effect lumbar spine (LS) BMD, but more recent studies and updated methodologies justify new synthesis. Methods: systematic review were conducted using published in English up to 31/07/2024, identified via three electronic databases, cross-referencing, expert review. Primary outcomes changes femoral neck (FN), LS, total hip (TH) BMD. Secondary included body composition. Standardised sizes (Hedges’ g) pooled inverse heterogeneity (IVhet) model. Results: was associated significant increase FN BMD (g = 0.13 [0.05, 0.20], p 0.00). Significant gains also observed fat mass (FM) 0.52), BMI 0.16), percentage (BF%) 0.79), while reductions found fat-free (FFM) -0.21) thigh muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) -1.02). Conclusion: maintains women increased FM reduced mass. The heterogeneous nature several absence empirical data ageing further research clinical monitoring health (such as High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography) clarify long-term implications GAHT, age.

Язык: Английский

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Fair and Safe Eligibility Criteria for Women's Sport

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 34(8)

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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A unique pseudo-eligibility analysis of longitudinal laboratory performance data from a transgender female competitive cyclist

Deleted Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 1(2), С. 111 - 123

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2024

Abstract Background and Aims The Union Cycliste Internationale has deemed transgender female athlete’s ineligible for the category due to concerns about performance advantages. We conducted a follow-up analysis on laboratory-based indicators of sports using data from longitudinally assessed woman athlete undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Methods evaluated laboratory in cisgender women athletes dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning, handgrip strength measurement, jump testing, cardiopulmonary exercise. Additionally, we sub-elite cyclist before after GAHT. Results After one year GAHT, showed declines (7–13 %), countermovement (23–29 V̇O 2 max (15–30 %). 3 months, several (absolute handgrip, peak power, relative average max) were above mean athletes, while others (Relative jump) below. Similar trends observed at 6 months 1 year. Summary This hypothetical analysis, although with limited evidence, suggests could compete equitably elite cycling events within Adjustments based competition would ensure fairness. Further an additional 12 is recommended assess impact years An outright ineligibility hinder true assessment

Язык: Английский

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Biology and Management of Male‐Bodied Athletes in Elite Female Sports

Drug Testing and Analysis, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2025

The physical advantages in elite power sports that allow men to surpass women are derived from the experience of male puberty. By creating testicular testosterone production 20-30-fold over at any age, sustained exposure years adult concentrations produces larger and stronger muscles, bones, cardiorespiratory system with a higher blood hemoglobin explaining those advantages. While genetic exercise performance unrelated sex accepted sports, adults who have experienced puberty but female gender identity, such as male-to-female transgender or intersex (XY Disorders Sexual Development, DSD), create category-defeating conflict if they compete sports. Transgender seek feminization using estrogen treatment, which can suppress postpubertal endogenous even complete suppression leaves an unfair legacy contrast, XY DSDs do not hormonal recognize impedes their performance. Hence, understanding biology male-bodied athletes identity is crucial effective management, geared toward maintaining fairness safety for typical competing events. Such sex-based restrictions required recreational, junior, nonprofessional where operative. After IOC's controversial 2021 Framework document, growing consensus among major international federations establishing working definition facilitate depend on power, strength, speed, endurance.

Язык: Английский

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Sex Differences in Upper‐ and Lower‐Limb Muscle Strength in Children and Adolescents: A Meta‐Analysis

European Journal of Sport Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 25(5)

Опубликована: Апрель 5, 2025

ABSTRACT On average, adult men are physically stronger than women. The magnitude of this difference depends on the muscle tested, with larger sex differences observed in upper‐ lower‐limb muscles. Whether body region‐specific strength exist children is unclear. purpose current meta‐analysis was to determine whether and adolescents differ between Data were extracted from studies participants aged ≤ 17 years who completed tests maximal isometric or isokinetic upper‐limb muscles (e.g., elbow flexors extensors) knee extensors ankle dorsiflexors). Participants partitioned into three age groups: 5–10 old, 11–13 14–17 old. analysis included 299 effects 34 studies. total sample 6634 (3497 boys 3137 girls). Effect sizes g = 0.65 (95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.46, 0.84]) 0.34 CI [0.19, 0.50]) 5–10‐year‐olds; 0.73 [0.56, 0.91]) 0.43 [0.27, 0.59]) 11–13‐year olds; 1.84 [1.64, 2.03]) 1.18 [1.00, 1.37]) 14–17‐year‐olds. Upper‐ 17% 8% greater girls when 18% 10% 50% 30% Thus, average. This exists before puberty, increases markedly male more pronounced throughout development.

Язык: Английский

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Eligibility of Athletes With a Difference in Sex Development in Elite Sport: Opinions of National, Elite and World Class Athletes

European Journal of Sport Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 25(5)

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2025

ABSTRACT There have been limited studies allowing key stakeholders the opportunity to voice their opinions on DSD athlete participation in elite sport. The purpose of this study was survey athletes eligible compete female category regarding athletes' inclusion. This surveyed national, and world class ( n = 147) competing eligibility compared current retired Olympic sport athletes, versus Olympic‐recognised athletes. Most believed that it an unethical requirement medicate order comply with regulations (67.2%). Overall, did not support a separate for opinion most strongly held precision sports (69.5%) majority fair (54.4%, sports). more commonly by than particularly heavily reliant physical capacity (61.1% vs. 20%). More unfair, Athletes agreed federations could be doing make inclusive (82.2%), only 8.2% believing such were treated fairly. After reviewing these novel results, (in combination scientific evidence) should utilised create appropriate policies align collective values

Язык: Английский

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Testosterone Levels in Transgender Women Undergoing Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

Cureus, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Май 2, 2025

The participation of transgender women in women's sports is a topic rife with controversy and lacks unified set guidelines. Testosterone thresholds vary widely between organizations, ranging from less than 2.5 nmol/L to 10 during pre-competition period 12 24 months. Little known about how quickly what degree testosterone suppressed below the required for after initiation gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). This study examined trends levels among undergoing current standard care GAHT compared these values existing guidelines sports. After months on GAHT, median level was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.47-0.73), mean 3.39 2.63-4.15) (N=261). months, 0.43 0.35-0.66), 3.90 2.51-5.29) (N=112). These results suggest substantial variability GAHT. data may inform typical course suppression under serve as reference future athlete-specific studies. Further research needed better understand both extent across different regimens duration meet eligibility

Язык: Английский

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