Abstract
This
study
investigates
the
brain
functional
connectivity
in
rest
and
sleep
states.
We
collected
EEG,
EOG,
fNIRS
signals
simultaneously
during
phases.
The
phase
was
defined
as
a
quiet
wake-eyes
open
(w_o)
state,
while
separated
into
three
states;
closed
(w_c),
non-rapid
eye
movement
stage
1
(N1),
2
(N2)
using
EEG
EOG
signals.
were
used
to
calculate
cerebral
hemodynamic
responses
(oxy-,
deoxy-,
total
hemoglobin).
grouped
133
channels
five
regions
(frontal,
motor,
temporal,
somatosensory,
visual
areas).
These
then
form
fifteen
networks.
A
network
computed
by
calculating
Pearson
correlation
coefficients
of
between
belonging
network.
networks
compared
across
states
connection
ratio
strength
calculated
from
normalized
coefficients.
Across
all
hemoglobin
types,
high
w_c
N1
low
w_o
N2
In
addition,
similar
lower
Based
on
our
experimental
results,
we
believe
that
has
potential
be
main
tool
The
application
of
functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
in
the
neurosciences
has
been
expanding
over
last
40
years.
Today,
it
is
addressing
a
wide
range
applications
within
different
populations
and
utilizes
great
variety
experimental
paradigms.
With
rapid
growth
diversification
research
methods,
some
inconsistencies
are
appearing
way
which
methods
presented,
can
make
interpretation
replication
studies
unnecessarily
challenging.
Society
for
Functional
Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy
thus
motivated
to
organize
representative
(but
not
exhaustive)
group
leaders
field
build
consensus
on
best
practices
describing
utilized
fNIRS
studies.
Our
paper
designed
provide
guidelines
help
enhance
reliability,
repeatability,
traceability
reported
encourage
throughout
community.
A
checklist
provided
guide
authors
preparation
their
manuscripts
assist
reviewers
when
evaluating
papers.
Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
7(12), С. 466 - 466
Опубликована: Ноя. 22, 2018
For
cognitive
processes
to
function
well,
it
is
essential
that
the
brain
optimally
supplied
with
oxygen
and
blood.
In
recent
years,
evidence
has
emerged
suggesting
cerebral
oxygenation
hemodynamics
can
be
modified
physical
activity.
To
better
understand
relationship
between
oxygenation/hemodynamics,
activity,
cognition,
application
of
state-of-the
art
neuroimaging
tools
essential.
Functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
such
a
tool
especially
suitable
investigate
effects
activity/exercises
on
due
its
capability
quantify
changes
in
concentration
oxygenated
hemoglobin
(oxyHb)
deoxygenated
(deoxyHb)
non-invasively
human
brain.
However,
currently
there
no
clear
standardized
procedure
regarding
application,
data
processing,
analysis
fNIRS,
large
heterogeneity
how
fNIRS
applied
field
exercise–cognition
science.
Therefore,
this
review
aims
summarize
current
methodological
knowledge
about
studies
measuring
cortical
hemodynamic
responses
during
testing
(i)
prior
after
different
activities
interventions,
(ii)
cross-sectional
accounting
for
fitness
level
their
participants.
Based
methodology
35
as
relevant
considered
publications,
we
outline
recommendations
future
Neurophotonics,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
4(4), С. 041403 - 041403
Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2017
Safe
locomotion
is
a
crucial
aspect
of
human
daily
living
that
requires
well-functioning
motor
control
processes.
The
neuromotor
activities
such
as
walking
relies
on
the
complex
interaction
subcortical
and
cortical
areas.
Technical
developments
in
neuroimaging
systems
allow
quantification
activation
during
execution
tasks.
Functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
seems
to
be
promising
tool
monitor
processes
areas
freely
moving
subjects.
However,
so
far,
there
no
established
standardized
protocol
regarding
application
data
processing
fNIRS
signals
limits
comparability
among
studies.
Hence,
this
systematic
review
aimed
summarize
current
knowledge
about
studies
dealing
with
or
postural
Fifty-six
articles
an
initial
yield
1420
publications
were
reviewed
information
methodology,
processing,
findings
extracted.
Based
our
results,
we
outline
recommendations
respect
design
Future
perspectives
measuring
movement
science
are
discussed.
Journal of Neural Engineering,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
15(3), С. 036028 - 036028
Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2018
Objective.
Brain–computer
interface
(BCI)
refers
to
procedures
that
link
the
central
nervous
system
a
device.
BCI
was
historically
performed
using
electroencephalography
(EEG).
In
last
years,
encouraging
results
were
obtained
by
combining
EEG
with
other
neuroimaging
technologies,
such
as
functional
near
infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS).
A
crucial
step
of
is
brain
state
classification
from
recorded
signal
features.
Deep
artificial
neural
networks
(DNNs)
recently
reached
unprecedented
complex
outcomes.
These
performances
achieved
through
increased
computational
power,
efficient
learning
algorithms,
valuable
activation
functions,
and
restricted
or
back-fed
neurons
connections.
By
expecting
significant
overall
performances,
we
investigated
capabilities
fNIRS
recordings
state-of-the-art
deep
procedures.
Approach.
We
guided
left
right
hand
motor
imagery
task
on
15
subjects
fixed
response
time
1
s
experiment
length
10
min.
Left
versus
accuracy
DNN
in
multi-modal
recording
modality
estimated
it
compared
standalone
classifiers.
Main
results.
At
group
level
increase
performance
when
considering
classifier
synergistic
effect.
Significance.
can
be
significantly
improved
employing
provide
electrical
hemodynamic
activity
information,
combination
advanced
non-linear
Journal of Biomedical Optics,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
26(10)
Опубликована: Окт. 28, 2021
Beer-Lambert
law
(BLL)
is
a
widely
used
tool
for
contact
and
remote
determination
of
absorber
concentration
in
various
media,
including
living
tissues.
Originally
proposed
the
18th
century
as
simple
exponential
expression,
it
has
survived
numerous
modifications
updates.
The
basic
assumptions
this
may
not
be
fulfilled
real
measurement
conditions.
This
can
lead
to
mistaken
or
misinterpreted
results.
In
particular,
effects
additionally
taken
into
account
tissue
measurements
include
anisotropy,
scattering,
fluorescence,
chemical
equilibria,
interference,
dichroism,
spectral
bandwidth
disagreements,
stray
radiation,
instrumental
effects.We
review
current
state
art
main
limitations
diagnostics
using
BLL.
Historical
development
updating
by
taking
specific
additional
factors
such
light
scattering
photon
pathlengths
diffuse
reflectance
described,
along
with
highlighting
risks
considered
interpreting
measured
data.Literature
data
related
extension
modification
BLL
assessment
estimation
molecules
are
collected
analyzed.
emphasis
here
put
on
optical
chromophore
concentrations
physiological
parameters,
e.g.,
blood
oxygen
saturation.Modified
expressions
suitable
several
cases
characterization
presented
discussed.Applications
updated/modified
(MBLL)
respect
particular
conditions
helpful
obtaining
more
reliable
target
biochemical
content.
MBLL
accounting
role
ways
appears
successful
approach.
Extended
time
domain
form
could
provide
accurate
results,
but
requires
resources
spent.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2018
Even
though
research
in
the
field
of
functional
near-infrared
spectroscopy
(fNIRS)
is
being
conducted
for
more
than
20
years,
a
consensus
on
signal
processing
methods
still
lacking.
A
significant
knowledge
gap
exists
between
established
researchers
and
those
newly
entering
field.
One
major
issue
regularly
observed
publications
from
new
this
neglect
possible
contamination
by
hemodynamic
changes
unrelated
to
neurovascular
coupling
(i.e.
scalp
blood
flow
systemic
flow).
This
might
be
due
fact
that
these
use
with
tools
provided
manufacturers
their
devices
without
an
advanced
understanding
performed
steps.
The
aim
present
study
was
investigate
how
different
approaches
(including
excluding
partially
correct
contamination)
affect
results
typical
neuroimaging
fNIRS.
In
particular,
we
evaluated
one
standard
method
commercial
company
compared
it
three
customized
investigated
influence
chosen
statistical
outcome
clinical
data
set
(task-evoked
motor
cortex
activity).
No
short-channels
were
used
therefore
two
types
multi-channel
corrections
based
multiple
long-channels
applied.
choice
had
considerable
study.
While
ignored
fNIRS
signals
task-evoked
physiological
noise
yielded
several
responses
over
whole
head,
significance
findings
disappeared
when
accounting
using
regression.
We
conclude
that,
lacking
possibility
applying
multi-distance
measurements,
adoption
confounding
effect,
yield
realistic
results.
Furthermore,
do
not
recommend
as
having
every
step.
