Getting the message right on nature‐based solutions to climate change

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(8), С. 1518 - 1546

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2021

Abstract Nature‐based solutions (NbS)—solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature—have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well‐designed NbS deliver multiple benefits for people nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns this is distracting from need rapidly phase out use fossil fuels protect existing intact ecosystems. also expansion forestry framed a mitigation solution coming at cost rich biodiverse native ecosystems local resource rights. Here, we discuss promise pitfalls framing its current political traction, present recommendations how get message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners researchers consider synergies trade‐offs associated follow four guiding principles enable provide society: (1) not substitute rapid fuels; (2) wide range land in sea, just forests; (3) implemented full engagement consent Indigenous Peoples communities way respects their cultural ecological rights; (4) should be explicitly designed measurable biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will design robust resilient urgent sustaining nature together, now into future.

Язык: Английский

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Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(7), С. 1328 - 1348

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2021

Abstract Urgent solutions to global climate change are needed. Ambitious tree‐planting initiatives, many already underway, aim sequester enormous quantities of carbon partly compensate for anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, which a major cause rising temperatures. However, tree planting that is poorly planned and executed could actually increase emissions have long‐term, deleterious impacts on biodiversity, landscapes livelihoods. Here, we highlight the main environmental risks large‐scale propose 10 golden rules, based some most recent ecological research, implement forest ecosystem restoration maximizes rates both sequestration biodiversity recovery while improving These as follows: (1) Protect existing first; (2) Work together (involving all stakeholders); (3) Aim maximize meet multiple goals; (4) Select appropriate areas restoration; (5) Use natural regeneration wherever possible; (6) species biodiversity; (7) resilient plant material (with genetic variability provenance); (8) Plan ahead infrastructure, capacity seed supply; (9) Learn by doing (using an adaptive management approach); (10) Make it pay (ensuring economic sustainability project). We focus design long‐term strategies tackle crises support livelihood needs. emphasize role local communities sources indigenous knowledge, benefits they derive from successful reforestation restores functioning delivers diverse range products services. While there no simple universal recipe restoration, crucial build upon currently growing public private interest in this topic, ensure interventions provide effective, sinks people.

Язык: Английский

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The drivers and impacts of Amazon forest degradation

Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 379(6630)

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2023

Approximately 2.5 × 106 square kilometers of the Amazon forest are currently degraded by fire, edge effects, timber extraction, and/or extreme drought, representing 38% all remaining forests in region. Carbon emissions from this degradation total up to 0.2 petagrams carbon per year (Pg C year-1), which is equivalent to, if not greater than, deforestation (0.06 0.21 Pg year-1). can reduce dry-season evapotranspiration 34% and cause as much biodiversity loss human-modified landscapes, generating uneven socioeconomic burdens, mainly dwellers. Projections indicate that will remain a dominant source independent rates. Policies tackle should be integrated with efforts curb complemented innovative measures addressing disturbances degrade forest.

Язык: Английский

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A “Global Safety Net” to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth’s climate

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 6(36)

Опубликована: Сен. 4, 2020

The “Global Safety Net” shows where nature could be conserved and connected to reverse biodiversity loss stabilize climate.

Язык: Английский

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Changes in global terrestrial live biomass over the 21st century

Science Advances, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 7(27), С. eabe9829 - eabe9829

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2021

Live woody vegetation is the largest reservoir of biomass carbon, with its restoration considered one most effective natural climate solutions. However, terrestrial carbon fluxes remain uncertainty in global cycle. Here, we develop spatially explicit estimates stock changes live from 2000 to 2019 using measurements ground, air, and space. We show that has removed 4.9 5.5 PgC year −1 atmosphere, offsetting 4.6 ± 0.1 gross emissions disturbances adding substantially (0.23 0.88 ) stocks. Gross removals tropics were four times larger than temperate boreal ecosystems combined. Although responsible for more 80% fluxes, soil, dead organic matter, lateral transport may play important roles sink.

Язык: Английский

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Change in Terrestrial Human Footprint Drives Continued Loss of Intact Ecosystems

One Earth, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 3(3), С. 371 - 382

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Satellite‐based estimates reveal widespread forest degradation in the Amazon

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 26(5), С. 2956 - 2969

Опубликована: Фев. 5, 2020

Abstract Anthropogenic and natural forest disturbance cause ecological damage carbon emissions. Forest in the Amazon occurs form of deforestation (conversion to non‐forest land covers), degradation from extraction resources, destruction events. The crucial role rainforest hydrologic cycle has even led speculation a “tipping point” leading collapse tropical ecosystem. Here we use time series analysis Landsat data map deforestation, degradation, Ecoregion 1995 2017. was used stratify study area for selection sample units that were assigned reference labels based on their cover history. An unbiased statistical estimator applied observations obtain estimates uncertainty at biennial intervals. We show disturbance, largely during periods severe drought, have affected as much Consequently, an estimated 17% (1,036,800 ± 24,800 km 2 , 95% confidence interval) original been disturbed Our results suggest is 44%–60% more than previously realized, indicating unaccounted source emissions pervasive ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Global recognition of the importance of nature-based solutions to the impacts of climate change

Global Sustainability, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 3

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020

Non-technical summary Ecosystems across the globe are vulnerable to effects of climate change, as communities that depend on them. However, ecosystems can also protect people from change impacts. As evidence base strengthens, nature-based solutions (NbS) increasingly prominent in policy, especially developing nations. Yet intentions rarely translate into measurable, evidence-based targets. Paris Agreement signatories revise their Nationally Determined Contributions, we argue NbS key meeting global goals for and biodiversity, urge researchers work more closely with policy-makers identify targets benefit both ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Future carbon emissions from global mangrove forest loss

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(12), С. 2856 - 2866

Опубликована: Март 1, 2021

Abstract Mangroves have among the highest carbon densities of any tropical forest. These ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems can store large amounts for long periods, and their protection reduces greenhouse gas emissions supports climate change mitigation. Incorporating mangroves into Nationally Determined Contributions to Paris Agreement valuation on markets requires predicting how management different land‐uses prevent future increase CO 2 sequestration. We integrated comprehensive global datasets stocks, mangrove distribution, deforestation rates, land‐use drivers a predictive model emissions. project foregone soil sequestration potential under ‘business as usual’ rates loss. Emissions from loss could reach 2391 Tg eq by end century, or 3392 when considering The were predicted in southeast south Asia (West Coral Triangle, Sunda Shelf, Bay Bengal) due conversion aquaculture agriculture, followed Caribbean (Tropical Northwest Atlantic) clearing erosion, Andaman coast Myanmar) north Brazil erosion. Together, these six regions accounted 90% total Mangrove has been slowing, be more than halved if reduced remain future. Notably, location emission hotspots was consistent with every dataset used calculate alternative assumptions about storage Our results indicate need policy actions address arising that managed them.

Язык: Английский

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Land Use Effects on Climate: Current State, Recent Progress, and Emerging Topics

Current Climate Change Reports, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 7(4), С. 99 - 120

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2021

Abstract Purpose of Review As demand for food and fiber, but also negative emissions, brings most the Earth’s land surface under management, we aim to consolidate scientific progress recent years on climatic effects global use change, including related cover changes (LULCC). Recent Findings We review methodological advances in both modeling observations capture biogeochemical biogeophysical LULCC summarize knowledge underlying mechanisms strength their effects. studies have raised or resolved several important questions LULCC: How can derive CO 2 fluxes from satellites? Why are uncertainties LULCC-related GHG so large? explain that estimates afforestation/reforestation potentials diverge by an order magnitude? Can reconcile seemingly contradicting results models concerning cooling effect high-latitude deforestation? Summary Major has been achieved understanding complementarity modeling, observations, inventories estimating impacts various practices carbon, energy, water fluxes. Emerging fields operationalization recently integration approaches, such as a full greenhouse gas balance LULCC, mapping emissions country-reported data, model evaluation against local observations. Fundamental challenges remain, however, e.g., separating anthropogenic natural dynamics accurately quantifying first. laid foundation future research integrate scales at which act, create co-benefits between mitigation, land-based carbon dioxide removal, climate effective adaptation strategies.

Язык: Английский

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