Extinction risk and threats to plants and fungi

Plants People Planet, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 2(5), С. 389 - 408

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2020

Societal Impact Statement There is increasing awareness that plants and fungi, as natural solutions, can play an important role in tackling ongoing global environmental challenges. We illustrate how understanding current projected threats to fungi necessary manage mitigate risks, while building of gaps bias assessment coverage essential adequately prioritize conservation efforts. highlight the state art science point methods future studies needed species extinction. Summary Plant fungal biodiversity underpin life on earth merit careful stewardship increasingly uncertain environment. However, biases documented extinction risks plant impede effective management. Formal risk assessments help avoid extinctions, through engagement, financial, or legal mechanisms, but most lack assessments. Available cover c. 30% (ThreatSearch). Red List overrepresents woody perennials useful plants, underrepresents single‐country endemics. Fungal overrepresent well‐known are too few infer status trends. Proportions assessed vascular considered threatened vary between datasets: 37% (ThreatSearch), 44% (International Union for Conservation Nature Threatened Species). Our predictions, correcting several quantifiable biases, suggest 39% all with other remain unquantified, may affect our estimate. Preliminary trend data show moving toward Quantitative estimates based understate likely loss: they do not fully capture impacts climate change, slow‐acting threats, clustering risk, which could amplify loss evolutionary potential. The importance estimation support existing emerging initiatives grow intensify. This necessitates urgent strategic expansion efforts comprehensive risk.

Язык: Английский

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Unveiling African rainforest composition and vulnerability to global change

Nature, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 593(7857), С. 90 - 94

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Tectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical African terrestrial flora and fauna

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 96(1), С. 16 - 51

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2020

ABSTRACT Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems. Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution diversification this biodiversity. During last two decades, around 90 dated molecular phylogenies different clades across animals plants been published leading increased understanding speciation processes generating tropical African In parallel, extended palaeoclimatic records together with detailed numerical simulations refined our past changes Africa. To date, these important advances not reviewed within common framework. Here, we critically review synthesize climate, tectonics terrestrial throughout Cenozoic mid‐Pleistocene, drawing on recent Earth life sciences. We first six major geo‐climatic periods defining by synthesizing 89 phylogeny studies. Two factors impacting sub‐Saharan biota are highlighted. First, underwent numerous fluctuations at ancient more timescales, tectonic, greenhouse gas, orbital forcing stimulating diversification. Second, aridification since Late Eocene led extinction events, but also provided unique opportunities shaping current landscape. then studies animal plant discuss three models speciation: ( i ) geographic via vicariance (allopatry); ii ecological climate changes, iii genomic genome duplication. Geographic has most widely documented date model conclude four challenges faced research: increase knowledge gathering basic fundamental information; improve modelling geophysical better constraints downscaling approaches; precision phylogenetic reconstruction dating using next generation sequencing approaches fossil calibrations; iv finally, as done here, integrate data from sciences focusing interdisciplinary study wider geodiversity context.

Язык: Английский

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Molecules from nature: Reconciling biodiversity conservation and global healthcare imperatives for sustainable use of medicinal plants and fungi

Plants People Planet, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 2(5), С. 463 - 481

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2020

Societal Impact Statement Plants and fungi have provided, or inspired, key pharmaceuticals for global health challenges, including cancer, heart disease, dementia, malaria, are valued as traditional medicines worldwide. Global demand medicinal plants has threatened certain species, contributing to biodiversity loss depletion of natural resources that important the humanity. We consider evolving role in healthcare new challenges human arise. present current emerging scientific approaches, uncover preserve nature‐based solutions future, through harmonization with conservation strategies. Summary Non‐communicable diseases, cardiovascular diabetes, main causes deaths globally, communicable diseases such malaria tuberculosis affect billions people. provided our armory against these while some regions world, they continue a central systems medicines. Consequently, is driving factor loss. Yet future therapeutics from nature evolving. Scientific advances enabling untapped potential world's be explored their value, reveal other roles may improving well‐being; this demonstrates value capital an incentive conservation. Emerging technologies also offer hope safeguarding essential by revealing more sustainable sourcing products. This review discusses recent developments approaches discovery products medicines, well‐being, strategies harmonize therapeutic use its proactive solutions.

Язык: Английский

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Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography

Plant Diversity, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 42(4), С. 302 - 311

Опубликована: Май 25, 2020

Ethiopia is land of geographical contrasts with elevations that range from 125 m below sea level in the Danakil Depression to 4533 above Semien Mountains, a world heritage site. The diverse climate various ecological regions country has driven establishment vegetation, which Afroalpine vegetation mountains arid and semi-arid type lowlands. formation Ethiopian highly connected geological history country. Highland uplift rift due volcanic forces formed novel habitats different topography climatic conditions have ultimately become drivers for diversification. Due Ethiopia's connection temperate biome north Arabian Peninsula during dry glacial period, biotic assemblage highlands consists both Afrotropical palearctic biota. In general, eight distinct types been identified Ethiopia, based mainly on elevation gradients. These host their own unique species, but also share several common species. Some are as centers endemism subsequently globally East African Afromontane hotspot. biologically rich, more than 6500 vascular plant Of these 12% endemic isolation conditions. However, researchers yet extensively investigate ecology, phenology, well evolutionary, genetics, conservation status vegetations at community species over space time. This lack research barrier achieving goal zero global extinctions. Taxa extinction risk assessment not carried out majority Detailed needed explore how respond rapidly growing environmental change. Currently, human-induced change habitat fragmentation severely threatening country's biodiversity, consequences effects studied large. Furthermore, we still scientific evidence micro- macro-ecological evolutionary processes shaping structures this climatically, topographically, geologically gaps our knowledge represent an opportunity ecologists, geneticists, biologists, other experts biodiversity complex involved structuring dynamics so help take effective actions.

Язык: Английский

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Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

Taxon, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 71(1), С. 178 - 198

Опубликована: Дек. 17, 2021

Abstract The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description biological taxa and understanding biodiversity patterns processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant impediment to research conservation planning. crisis are widely recognized, highlighting urgent need for data. Over past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort Target 1 Global Strategy Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called preparation working list all known plant species by 2010 an online world Flora 2020. Brazil is megadiverse country, home more world's than any other country. Despite that, Brasiliensis , concluded in 1906, was last comprehensive treatment Brazilian flora. lack accurate estimates number algae, fungi, plants occurring contributes prevailing delays progress towards GSPC targets. 12 years, legion taxonomists motivated meet GSPC, worked together gather integrate knowledge on algal, plant, fungal diversity Brazil. Overall, team about 980 joined efforts highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy prepare updated Brazil, showing power scientific collaboration reach ambitious goals. paper presents overview 2020 provides spatial updates found one most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps summarize future goals extend beyond Our results show 46,975 native plants, 19,669 endemic compiled date suggests Atlantic Rainforest might be diverse domain groups except gymnosperms, Amazon. However, still unequally distributed, with Cerrado being intensively sampled studied biomes In times “scientific reductionism”, botanical mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation recent decades, first significantly enhanced quality quantity available from also made information freely online, providing firm foundation management, conservation, sustainable use funga

Язык: Английский

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More than half of data deficient species predicted to be threatened by extinction

Communications Biology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 5(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 4, 2022

Abstract The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is essential for practical and theoretical efforts to protect biodiversity. However, species classified as “Data Deficient” (DD) regularly mislead practitioners due their uncertain extinction risk. Here we present machine learning-derived probabilities being threatened by 7699 DD species, comprising 17% the entire spatial datasets. Our predictions suggest that a group may in fact be more than data-sufficient species. We found 85% amphibians are likely extinction, well half many other taxonomic groups, such mammals reptiles. Consequently, our indicate that, amongst others, conservation relevance biodiversity hotspots South America boosted up 20% if were acknowledged. predicted highly variable across taxa regions, implying current List-derived indices priorities biased.

Язык: Английский

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Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 12(1)

Опубликована: Дек. 6, 2021

Abstract Native biodiversity decline and non-native species spread are major features of the Anthropocene. Both processes can drive biotic homogenization by reducing trait phylogenetic differences in assemblages between regions, thus diminishing regional distinctiveness biotas likely have negative impacts on key ecosystem functions. However, a global assessment this phenomenon is lacking. Here, using dataset >200,000 plant species, we demonstrate widespread temporal decreases turnover across grain sizes spatial extents. The extent within biomes pronounced overwhelmingly explained naturalizations. Asia North America sources species; however, they export tend to be phylogenetically close recipient floras. Australia, Pacific Europe, contrast, contribute fewer pool non-natives, but represent disproportionate amount diversity. timeline most naturalisations coincides with human migration last ~500 years, demonstrates profound influence humans exert beyond changes richness.

Язык: Английский

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Comprehensive conservation assessments reveal high extinction risks across Atlantic Forest trees

Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 383(6679), С. 219 - 225

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2024

Biodiversity is declining globally, yet many biodiversity hotspots still lack comprehensive species conservation assessments. Using multiple International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria to evaluate extinction risks and millions herbarium forest inventory records, we present automated assessments all tree the Atlantic Forest hotspot, including ~1100 heretofore unassessed species. About 65% 82% endemic are classified as threatened. We rediscovered five Extinct on IUCN identified 13 endemics possibly extinct. Uncertainties in information had little influence assessments, but using fewer severely underestimated threat levels. suggest that status tropical forests worldwide worse than previously reported.

Язык: Английский

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No one-size-fits-all solution to clean GBIF

PeerJ, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 8, С. e9916 - e9916

Опубликована: Сен. 28, 2020

Species occurrence records provide the basis for many biodiversity studies. They derive from georeferenced specimens deposited in natural history collections and visual observations, such as those obtained through various mobile applications. Given rapid increase availability of data, control quality accuracy constitutes a particular concern. Automatic filtering is scalable reproducible means to identify potentially problematic tailor datasets public databases Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; http://www.gbif.org), analyses. However, it unclear how much data may be lost by filtering, whether same filters should applied across all taxonomic groups, what effect on common downstream Here, we evaluate 13 recently proposed inference species richness patterns automated conservation assessments 18 Neotropical taxa, including terrestrial marine animals, fungi, plants downloaded GBIF. We find that total 44.3% are problematic, with large variation groups (25-90%). A small fraction was identified erroneous strict sense (4.2%), larger proportion unfit most analyses (41.7%). Filters duplicated information, collection year, record, well coordinates urban areas, or taxa sea land, have greatest effect. Automated can help identifying records, but requires customization which tests thresholds group geographic area under focus. Our results stress importance thorough recording exploration meta-data associated research.

Язык: Английский

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