Polymer Semiconductors: Synthesis, Processing, and Applications

Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 123(12), С. 7421 - 7497

Опубликована: Май 26, 2023

Polymer semiconductors composed of a carbon-based π conjugated backbone have been studied for several decades as active layers multifarious organic electronic devices. They combine the advantages electrical conductivity metals and mechanical behavior plastics, which are going to become one futures modulable materials. The performance materials depends both on their chemical structures multilevel microstructures in solid states. Despite great efforts that made, they still far from producing clear picture among intrinsic molecular structures, microstructures, device performances. This review summarizes development polymer recent aspects material design related synthetic strategies, processing technologies, functional applications. especially emphasized, plays decisive role determining performance. discussion shows panorama research sets up bridge across finally devices Finally, this discusses grand challenges future opportunities semiconductors.

Язык: Английский

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An n‐Type Conjugated Polymer with Low Crystallinity for High‐Performance Organic Thermoelectrics

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 63(20)

Опубликована: Март 8, 2024

Abstract Conjugated polymers (CPs) with low crystallinity are promising candidates for application in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), particularly flexible devices, because the disordered structures of these CPs can effectively accommodate dopants and ensure robust resistance to bending. However, n‐doped usually exhibit poor thermoelectric performance, which hinders development high‐performance generators. Herein, we report an n‐type CP (ThDPP‐CNBTz) comprising two acceptor units: a thiophene‐flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole cyano‐functionalized benzothiadiazole. ThDPP‐CNBTz shows LUMO energy level below −4.20 eV features crystallinity, enabling high doping efficiency. Moreover, dual‐acceptor design enhances polaron delocalization, resulting good performance. After n‐doping, exhibits average electrical conductivity ( σ ) 50.6 S cm −1 maximum power factor (PF) 126.8 μW m K −2 , is among highest values reported solution‐processed date. Additionally, OTE device based on doped PF 70 ; also remarkable bending strain, only marginal change after 600 cycles. The findings presented this work will advance devices particular.

Язык: Английский

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High‐Performance and Ecofriendly Organic Thermoelectrics Enabled by N‐Type Polythiophene Derivatives with Doping‐Induced Molecular Order

Advanced Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 36(8)

Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2023

The ability of n-type polymer thermoelectric materials to tolerate high doping loading limits further development conductivity. Herein, two alcohol-soluble polythiophene derivatives that are n-PT3 and n-PT4 reported. Due the polymers more significantly than 100 mol%, both achieve electrical conductivity >100 S cm

Язык: Английский

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Cyano‐Functionalized Pyrazine: A Structurally Simple and Easily Accessible Electron‐Deficient Building Block for n‐Type Organic Thermoelectric Polymers

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 63(11)

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2024

Abstract Developing low‐cost and high‐performance n‐type polymer semiconductors is essential to accelerate the application of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). To achieve this objective, it critical design strong electron‐deficient building blocks with simple structure easy synthesis, which are for development semiconductors. Herein, we synthesized two cyano‐functionalized highly blocks, namely 3,6‐dibromopyrazine‐2‐carbonitrile (CNPz) 3,6‐Dibromopyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitrile (DCNPz), feature structures facile synthesis. CNPz DCNPz can be obtained via only one‐step reaction three‐step reactions from cheap raw materials, respectively. Based on DCNPz, acceptor–acceptor (A–A) polymers, P(DPP‐CNPz) P(DPP‐DCNPz) successfully developed, featuring deep‐positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, beneficial thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) OTEs performance. An optimal unipolar electron mobility 0.85 1.85 cm 2 V −1 s P(DPP‐DCNPz), When doped N ‐DMBI, show high electrical conductivities/power factors 25.3 S /41.4 μ W m K −2 , 33.9 /30.4 Hence, pyrazine represent a new class structurally simple, readily accessible block constructing

Язык: Английский

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A Rolled Organic Thermoelectric Generator with High Thermocouple Density

Advanced Functional Materials, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 34(30)

Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2024

Abstract The surge in the number of distributed microelectronics and sensors requires versatile, scalable, affordable power sources. Heat‐harvesting organic thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are regarded as potential key components future energy landscape. Recent advances performance materials have made practical applications TEGs more feasible than ever before, yet challenges designing fabricating suitable for real scenarios scarcely addressed. Specifically, small wearables demand micro‐thermoelectric (µTEGs) with high density architectures form factors, while typical demonstrations characterized by < 10 thermocouples (TCs) per cm 2 . This work presents a rolled, µTEG architecture combining large‐area, solution‐based deposition techniques, such inkjet spray‐coating, an ultrathin parylene substrate to achieve thermocouple 1842 TCs −2 Such demonstrative reaches conversion 0.15 µW at Δ T = 50 K. output is well line finite element method simulations, which highlight benefit show that remarkable densities, mW range K, realistically achievable geometrical improvements already ongoing advancements inks.

Язык: Английский

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Preventing Benzoquinone‐Based Catalyst Aggregation Enables the One‐Step Synthesis of Highly Conductive Poly(benzodifurandione) without Post‐Reaction Purification

Advanced Materials, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 18, 2025

Abstract Conductive polymers have become crucial in advancing various electronic applications. While p‐type materials like poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) are widely used and produced at scale, the development of high‐performance n‐type has lagged due to challenges synthesis scalability. In this work, a novel method is introduced synthesize highly conductive polymer poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) using α‐tocopherylquinone (α‐TQ) as catalyst. This approach eliminates need for post‐reaction dialysis, major obstacle large‐scale PBFDO production. By preventing catalyst aggregation, high electrical conductivity (>1320 S cm −1 ) achieved, which remains stable air over 180 d, significantly simplifying process. The α‐TQ‐synthesized also exhibits excellent thermoelectric properties, with power factor exceeding 100 µW m K −2 , placing it among highest‐performing polymers. Additionally, residual α‐TQ acts plasticizer, reducing elastic modulus by tenfold while maintaining conductivity, making material suitable mechanically compliant electronics. Similarly, lowers thermal more than an order magnitude. process scalable, demonstrated producing high‐conductivity ink 20 L reactor. work presents efficient sustainable

Язык: Английский

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Organic Thermoelectric Devices for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications

Advanced Materials Technologies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 26, 2024

Abstract The rise of artificial intelligence and the Internet Things have spurred an increasing demand for wearable, sustainable, maintenance‐free power sources. Organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices are emerged as promising candidates because they capable converting heat energy into electricity directly without need moving parts, flexible seamless integration with multifunctional miniaturized electronics. In addition, OTE can perform straightforward various self‐powered sensors, boosting their applications in field intelligent interactions. This review focuses on recent advances materials harvesting sensing. basic knowledge key parameters presented, followed by detailed introduction progress generators, other OTE‐integrated devices. Next, several aspects optimizing toward highlighted. Finally, overview current challenges future research directions OTE‐based is addressed. It hoped that this pave way speeding up a bright development practical

Язык: Английский

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A High‐Mobility n‐Type Noncovalently‐Fused‐Ring Polymer for High‐Performance Organic Thermoelectrics

Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 63(35)

Опубликована: Июнь 10, 2024

Conjugated polymers are emerging as competitive candidates for organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). However, to make the device truly pervasive, both p- and n-type conjugated essential. Despite great efforts, no equivalents p-type benchmark PEDOT:PSS exist date mainly due low electrical conductivity (σ). Herein, a near-amorphous polymer, namely pDFSe, is reported with high σ by achieving synergy between charge transport doping efficiency. The polymer pDFSe synthesized based on an acceptor-triad moiety of diketopyrrolopyrrole-difluorobenzoselenadiazole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DFSe), which has noncovalently-fused-ring structure reinforce backbone rigidity. Furthermore, axisymmetric thiophene-selenophene-thiophene donor introduced, enables formation microstructures. above merits ensure good efficiency without scarifying efficient intrachain charge-carrier transport. Thus, pDFSe-based transistors exhibit electron mobility up 6.15 cm

Язык: Английский

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High power output density organic thermoelectric devices for practical applications in waste heat harvesting

Chemical Society Reviews, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

The state-of-the-art works on developing organic materials with high electrical conductivity and power factor to improve the output density of thermoelectric generator are summarized in this review.

Язык: Английский

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On-Demand plus and minus strategy to design conductive Nanocellulose: From low-dimensional structural materials to multi-dimensional smart sensors

Chemical Engineering Journal, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 161552 - 161552

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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