Flexible
thermoelectric
(TE)
materials
and
their
devices
have
gained
increasing
attention
due
to
the
flexibility
lightness
of
flexible
TE
technology
for
low-temperature
waste
heat
collection.
In
recent
decades,
various
efforts
been
devoted
impressive
efficiency
including
synthesis,
design,
integration
generators.
this
regard,
urgent
need
eco-friendly,
stable,
durable
power
sources
motivates
booming
market
integrated
electronics.
This
review
comprehensively
summarizes
state-of-the-art
development
materials,
device
types,
fabrication
techniques,
fundamentals
behind
applications.
addition,
employed
methods
moderate
physical
properties
theoretical
analysis,
experimental
prospects,
importantly
challenges
TEs
are
introduced.
Moreover,
we
summarized
applications
in
textiles,
wearable
electronics,
utilization,
sensors,
Internet
Things,
health
monitoring,
etc.
We
believe
that
addresses
current
research
future
directions
researchers
choosing
potential
explore
technology.
Chemical Reviews,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
123(12), С. 7421 - 7497
Опубликована: Май 26, 2023
Polymer
semiconductors
composed
of
a
carbon-based
π
conjugated
backbone
have
been
studied
for
several
decades
as
active
layers
multifarious
organic
electronic
devices.
They
combine
the
advantages
electrical
conductivity
metals
and
mechanical
behavior
plastics,
which
are
going
to
become
one
futures
modulable
materials.
The
performance
materials
depends
both
on
their
chemical
structures
multilevel
microstructures
in
solid
states.
Despite
great
efforts
that
made,
they
still
far
from
producing
clear
picture
among
intrinsic
molecular
structures,
microstructures,
device
performances.
This
review
summarizes
development
polymer
recent
aspects
material
design
related
synthetic
strategies,
processing
technologies,
functional
applications.
especially
emphasized,
plays
decisive
role
determining
performance.
discussion
shows
panorama
research
sets
up
bridge
across
finally
devices
Finally,
this
discusses
grand
challenges
future
opportunities
semiconductors.
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
63(20)
Опубликована: Март 8, 2024
Abstract
Conjugated
polymers
(CPs)
with
low
crystallinity
are
promising
candidates
for
application
in
organic
thermoelectrics
(OTEs),
particularly
flexible
devices,
because
the
disordered
structures
of
these
CPs
can
effectively
accommodate
dopants
and
ensure
robust
resistance
to
bending.
However,
n‐doped
usually
exhibit
poor
thermoelectric
performance,
which
hinders
development
high‐performance
generators.
Herein,
we
report
an
n‐type
CP
(ThDPP‐CNBTz)
comprising
two
acceptor
units:
a
thiophene‐flanked
diketopyrrolopyrrole
cyano‐functionalized
benzothiadiazole.
ThDPP‐CNBTz
shows
LUMO
energy
level
below
−4.20
eV
features
crystallinity,
enabling
high
doping
efficiency.
Moreover,
dual‐acceptor
design
enhances
polaron
delocalization,
resulting
good
performance.
After
n‐doping,
exhibits
average
electrical
conductivity
(
σ
)
50.6
S
cm
−1
maximum
power
factor
(PF)
126.8
μW
m
K
−2
,
is
among
highest
values
reported
solution‐processed
date.
Additionally,
OTE
device
based
on
doped
PF
70
;
also
remarkable
bending
strain,
only
marginal
change
after
600
cycles.
The
findings
presented
this
work
will
advance
devices
particular.
Advanced Materials,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
36(8)
Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2023
The
ability
of
n-type
polymer
thermoelectric
materials
to
tolerate
high
doping
loading
limits
further
development
conductivity.
Herein,
two
alcohol-soluble
polythiophene
derivatives
that
are
n-PT3
and
n-PT4
reported.
Due
the
polymers
more
significantly
than
100
mol%,
both
achieve
electrical
conductivity
>100
S
cm
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
63(11)
Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2024
Abstract
Developing
low‐cost
and
high‐performance
n‐type
polymer
semiconductors
is
essential
to
accelerate
the
application
of
organic
thermoelectrics
(OTEs).
To
achieve
this
objective,
it
critical
design
strong
electron‐deficient
building
blocks
with
simple
structure
easy
synthesis,
which
are
for
development
semiconductors.
Herein,
we
synthesized
two
cyano‐functionalized
highly
blocks,
namely
3,6‐dibromopyrazine‐2‐carbonitrile
(CNPz)
3,6‐Dibromopyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitrile
(DCNPz),
feature
structures
facile
synthesis.
CNPz
DCNPz
can
be
obtained
via
only
one‐step
reaction
three‐step
reactions
from
cheap
raw
materials,
respectively.
Based
on
DCNPz,
acceptor–acceptor
(A–A)
polymers,
P(DPP‐CNPz)
P(DPP‐DCNPz)
successfully
developed,
featuring
deep‐positioned
lowest
unoccupied
molecular
orbital
(LUMO)
energy
levels,
beneficial
thin‐film
transistors
(OTFTs)
OTEs
performance.
An
optimal
unipolar
electron
mobility
0.85
1.85
cm
2
V
−1
s
P(DPP‐DCNPz),
When
doped
N
‐DMBI,
show
high
electrical
conductivities/power
factors
25.3
S
/41.4
μ
W
m
K
−2
,
33.9
/30.4
Hence,
pyrazine
represent
a
new
class
structurally
simple,
readily
accessible
block
constructing
Advanced Functional Materials,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
34(30)
Опубликована: Фев. 22, 2024
Abstract
The
surge
in
the
number
of
distributed
microelectronics
and
sensors
requires
versatile,
scalable,
affordable
power
sources.
Heat‐harvesting
organic
thermoelectric
generators
(TEGs)
are
regarded
as
potential
key
components
future
energy
landscape.
Recent
advances
performance
materials
have
made
practical
applications
TEGs
more
feasible
than
ever
before,
yet
challenges
designing
fabricating
suitable
for
real
scenarios
scarcely
addressed.
Specifically,
small
wearables
demand
micro‐thermoelectric
(µTEGs)
with
high
density
architectures
form
factors,
while
typical
demonstrations
characterized
by
<
10
thermocouples
(TCs)
per
cm
2
.
This
work
presents
a
rolled,
µTEG
architecture
combining
large‐area,
solution‐based
deposition
techniques,
such
inkjet
spray‐coating,
an
ultrathin
parylene
substrate
to
achieve
thermocouple
1842
TCs
−2
Such
demonstrative
reaches
conversion
0.15
µW
at
Δ
T
=
50
K.
output
is
well
line
finite
element
method
simulations,
which
highlight
benefit
show
that
remarkable
densities,
mW
range
K,
realistically
achievable
geometrical
improvements
already
ongoing
advancements
inks.
Advanced Materials,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Март 18, 2025
Abstract
Conductive
polymers
have
become
crucial
in
advancing
various
electronic
applications.
While
p‐type
materials
like
poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene
sulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS)
are
widely
used
and
produced
at
scale,
the
development
of
high‐performance
n‐type
has
lagged
due
to
challenges
synthesis
scalability.
In
this
work,
a
novel
method
is
introduced
synthesize
highly
conductive
polymer
poly(benzodifurandione)
(PBFDO)
using
α‐tocopherylquinone
(α‐TQ)
as
catalyst.
This
approach
eliminates
need
for
post‐reaction
dialysis,
major
obstacle
large‐scale
PBFDO
production.
By
preventing
catalyst
aggregation,
high
electrical
conductivity
(>1320
S
cm
−1
)
achieved,
which
remains
stable
air
over
180
d,
significantly
simplifying
process.
The
α‐TQ‐synthesized
also
exhibits
excellent
thermoelectric
properties,
with
power
factor
exceeding
100
µW
m
K
−2
,
placing
it
among
highest‐performing
polymers.
Additionally,
residual
α‐TQ
acts
plasticizer,
reducing
elastic
modulus
by
tenfold
while
maintaining
conductivity,
making
material
suitable
mechanically
compliant
electronics.
Similarly,
lowers
thermal
more
than
an
order
magnitude.
process
scalable,
demonstrated
producing
high‐conductivity
ink
20
L
reactor.
work
presents
efficient
sustainable
Advanced Materials Technologies,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Март 26, 2024
Abstract
The
rise
of
artificial
intelligence
and
the
Internet
Things
have
spurred
an
increasing
demand
for
wearable,
sustainable,
maintenance‐free
power
sources.
Organic
thermoelectric
(OTE)
devices
are
emerged
as
promising
candidates
because
they
capable
converting
heat
energy
into
electricity
directly
without
need
moving
parts,
flexible
seamless
integration
with
multifunctional
miniaturized
electronics.
In
addition,
OTE
can
perform
straightforward
various
self‐powered
sensors,
boosting
their
applications
in
field
intelligent
interactions.
This
review
focuses
on
recent
advances
materials
harvesting
sensing.
basic
knowledge
key
parameters
presented,
followed
by
detailed
introduction
progress
generators,
other
OTE‐integrated
devices.
Next,
several
aspects
optimizing
toward
highlighted.
Finally,
overview
current
challenges
future
research
directions
OTE‐based
is
addressed.
It
hoped
that
this
pave
way
speeding
up
a
bright
development
practical
Angewandte Chemie International Edition,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
63(35)
Опубликована: Июнь 10, 2024
Conjugated
polymers
are
emerging
as
competitive
candidates
for
organic
thermoelectrics
(OTEs).
However,
to
make
the
device
truly
pervasive,
both
p-
and
n-type
conjugated
essential.
Despite
great
efforts,
no
equivalents
p-type
benchmark
PEDOT:PSS
exist
date
mainly
due
low
electrical
conductivity
(σ).
Herein,
a
near-amorphous
polymer,
namely
pDFSe,
is
reported
with
high
σ
by
achieving
synergy
between
charge
transport
doping
efficiency.
The
polymer
pDFSe
synthesized
based
on
an
acceptor-triad
moiety
of
diketopyrrolopyrrole-difluorobenzoselenadiazole-diketopyrrolopyrrole
(DFSe),
which
has
noncovalently-fused-ring
structure
reinforce
backbone
rigidity.
Furthermore,
axisymmetric
thiophene-selenophene-thiophene
donor
introduced,
enables
formation
microstructures.
above
merits
ensure
good
efficiency
without
scarifying
efficient
intrachain
charge-carrier
transport.
Thus,
pDFSe-based
transistors
exhibit
electron
mobility
up
6.15
cm
Chemical Society Reviews,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025
The
state-of-the-art
works
on
developing
organic
materials
with
high
electrical
conductivity
and
power
factor
to
improve
the
output
density
of
thermoelectric
generator
are
summarized
in
this
review.