Towards a comprehensive look at global drivers of novel extreme wildfire events

Climatic Change, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 165(3-4)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2021

Язык: Английский

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The impact of fire on soil-dwelling biota: A review

Forest Ecology and Management, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 488, С. 118989 - 118989

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Pyrodiversity and biodiversity: A history, synthesis, and outlook

Diversity and Distributions, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 28(3), С. 386 - 403

Опубликована: Май 6, 2021

Abstract Aim Pyrodiversity is the spatial or temporal variability in fire effects across a landscape. Multiple ecological hypotheses, when applied to context of post‐fire systems, suggest that high pyrodiversity will lead biodiversity. This resultant “pyrodiversity–biodiversity” hypothesis has grown popular but received mixed support by recent empirical research. In this paper, we sought review existing literature, appraise for pyrodiversity–biodiversity hypothesis, examine potential mechanisms underlying and identify outstanding questions about future research needs. Location Global terrestrial ecosystems. Methods We performed systematic literature related hypothesis. also examined how two individual species with distinct relationships (spotted owl Strix occidentalis black‐backed woodpecker Picoides arcticus ) respond as case studies illustrate mechanisms. Results identified 41 tests reported from 33 studies; 18 (44%) presented evidence while 23 (56%) did not. Our suggested varies considerably no consistent patterns taxonomic groups ecosystem types. Studies examining often define different ways, at scales are conducted ecosystems natural regimes, baseline levels biodiversity, evolutionary histories. these factors independently jointly have led widely varying Main Conclusions Clarifying be facilitated stronger development relationships, which can aided pyrodiversity. Future would benefit closer examination role scale (e.g. dependence) standardization metrics, broad‐scale mapping pyrodiversity, macroecological study relationships.

Язык: Английский

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Land Use and Ecological Change: A 12,000-Year History

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 46(1), С. 1 - 33

Опубликована: Окт. 18, 2021

Human use of land has been transforming Earth's ecology for millennia. From hunting and foraging to burning the farming industrial agriculture, increasingly intensive human reshaped global patterns biodiversity, ecosystems, landscapes, climate. This review examines recent evidence from archaeology, paleoecology, environmental history, model-based reconstructions that reveal a planet largely transformed by over more than 10,000 years. Although always sustained societies, its ecological consequences are diverse sometimes opposing, both degrading enriching soils, shrinking wild habitats shaping novel ones, causing extinctions some species while propagating domesticating others, emitting absorbing greenhouse gases cause climate change. By ecology, literally paved way Anthropocene. Now, better future depends on strategies can effectively sustain people together with rest terrestrial nature limited land.

Язык: Английский

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Animal mortality during fire

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 28(6), С. 2053 - 2065

Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2022

Abstract Earth's rapidly warming climate is propelling us towards an increasingly fire‐prone future. Currently, knowledge of the extent and characteristics animal mortality rates during fire remains rudimentary, hindering our ability to predict how populations may be impacted in To address this gap, we conducted a global systematic review direct effects on rates, based studies that unequivocally determined fate animals fire. From 31 spanning 1984–2020, extracted data impacts species from 23 families. these studies, there were 43 instances where measured by reporting survival pre‐ post‐fire. Most North America (52%) Oceania (42%), focused largely mammals (53%) reptiles (30%), reported mostly planned (82%) and/or low severity (70%) fires. We found no Asia, Europe or South America. Although insufficient conduct formal meta‐analysis, tested effect type, severity, regime, body mass, ecological attributes class survival. Only affected mortality, with higher proportion being killed high than Recent catastrophic fires across globe have drawn attention plight exposed wildfire. Yet, suggests relatively (mean predicted [95% CI] = 3% [1%–9%]) are However, also underscores little currently know about highlights critical need understand populations.

Язык: Английский

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What do you mean, ‘megafire’?

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 31(10), С. 1906 - 1922

Опубликована: Май 3, 2022

Abstract Background ‘Megafire’ is an emerging concept commonly used to describe fires that are extreme in terms of size, behaviour, and/or impacts, but the term’s meaning remains ambiguous. Approach We sought resolve ambiguity surrounding ‘megafire’ by conducting a structured review use and definition term several languages peer‐reviewed scientific literature. collated definitions descriptions megafire identified criteria frequently invoked define megafire. recorded size location megafires mapped them reveal global variation described as megafires. Results 109 studies or identify megafire, with first appearing literature 2005. Seventy‐one (~65%) these attempted term. There was considerable variability although based on fire were most common. Megafire thresholds varied geographically from > 100–100,000 ha, 10,000 ha common threshold (41%, 18/44 studies). Definitions led authors North America (52%, 37/71). 137 instances 84 where reported megafires, vast majority (94%, 129/137) which exceed size. Megafires occurred range biomes, forested biomes (112/137, 82%), usually single ignition (59% 81/137). Conclusion As Earth’s climate ecosystems change, it important scientists can communicate trends occurrence larger more clarity. To overcome ambiguity, we suggest arising multiple related events. introduce two additional – gigafire (> 100,000 ha) terafire 1,000,000 for even scale than

Язык: Английский

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The Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5: an updated global fire emissions model for climate and chemistry applications

Geoscientific model development, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(13), С. 3873 - 3891

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2023

Abstract. We present the Fire Inventory from National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) version 2.5 (FINNv2.5), a fire emissions inventory that provides publicly available of trace gases and aerosols various applications, including use in global regional atmospheric chemistry modeling. FINNv2.5 includes numerous updates to FINN 1 framework better represent burned area, vegetation burned, chemicals emitted. Major changes include active detections Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 375 m spatial resolution, which allows smaller fires be included processing. The calculation area has been updated such more rigorous approach is used aggregate detections, accounts larger enables using multiple satellite products simultaneously estimates. Fuel characterization factors have also FINNv2.5. Daily many are determined 2002–2019 (Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-only detections) 2012–2019 (MODIS + VIIRS detections). non-methane organic gas allocated species several commonly chemical mechanisms. compare against other widely inventories. performance as inputs transport model assessed with observations. Uncertainties estimates remain, particularly Africa South America during August–October southeast equatorial Asia March April. Recommendations future evaluation given.

Язык: Английский

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Fire as a driver and mediator of predator–prey interactions

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 97(4), С. 1539 - 1558

Опубликована: Март 23, 2022

Both fire and predators have strong influences on the population dynamics behaviour of animals, effects may either be strengthened or weakened by fire. However, knowledge how drives mediates predator-prey interactions is fragmented has not been synthesised. Here, we review synthesise predator prey interactions. We develop a conceptual model based theory empirical examples to address four key questions: (i) why do respond fire; (ii) does vulnerability change post-fire; (iii) what mechanisms use reduce predation risk (iv) are outcomes predator-fire for populations? then discuss these findings in context wildlife conservation ecosystem management before outlining priorities future research. Fire-induced changes vegetation structure, resource availability, animal influence encounter rates, amount time vulnerable during an encounter, conditional probability death given encounter. How responds depends characteristics (e.g. season, severity), their hunting (ambush pursuit predator), movement behaviour, territoriality, intra-guild dynamics. Prey species that rely habitat structure avoiding often experience increased rates lower survival recently burnt areas. By contrast, some benefit from opening up after because it makes easier detect modify appropriately. Reduced body condition can increase through impaired ability escape predators, need forage risky areas due being energetically stressed. To post-fire environment, use, sheltering camouflage cryptic colouring background matching. Field experiments viability modelling show instances where amplifies amplify impacts populations, vice versa. In instances, intense sustained lead local extinctions populations. Human disruption regimes impacting faunal communities, with consequences Key research include: capturing data continuously before, fires; teasing out relative importance visibility shelter availability different contexts; documenting acoustic olfactory cues both prey; addressing taxonomic geographic biases literature; predicting testing fire-regime reshape Understanding managing communities will critical effective this era global change.

Язык: Английский

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Autonomous self-burying seed carriers for aerial seeding

Nature, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 614(7948), С. 463 - 470

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2023

Язык: Английский

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The conservation impacts of ecological disturbance: Time‐bound estimates of population loss and recovery for fauna affected by the 2019–2020 Australian megafires

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 31(10), С. 2085 - 2104

Опубликована: Март 1, 2022

Abstract Aim After environmental disasters, species with large population losses may need urgent protection to prevent extinction and support recovery. Following the 2019–2020 Australian megafires, we estimated recovery in fire‐affected fauna, inform conservation status assessments management. Location Temperate subtropical Australia. Time period 2019–2030 beyond. Major taxa terrestrial freshwater vertebrates; one invertebrate group. Methods From > 1,050 taxa, selected 173 whose distributions substantially overlapped fire extent. We proportion of each taxon’s distribution affected by fires, using severity aquatic impact mapping, new mapping. Using expert elicitation informed evidence responses previous wildfires, local fires varying severity. combined spatial data estimate overall loss trajectories, thus indicate potential eligibility for listing as threatened, or uplisting, under legislation. Results that megafires caused, contributed to, declines make 70–82 eligible threatened; another 21–27 uplisting. If so‐listed, this represents a 22–26% increase statutory lists threatened vertebrates spiny crayfish, uplisting 8–10% taxa. Such changes would cause an abrupt worsening underlying trajectories vertebrates, measured Red List Indices. predict 54–88% assessed will not recover pre‐fire size within 10 years/three generations. Main conclusions suggest have worsened prospects many species. Of 91 recommended listing/uplisting consideration, 84 are now formal review through national processes. Improving predictions about taxon vulnerability empirical on responses, reducing likelihood future catastrophic events mitigating their impacts biodiversity, critical.

Язык: Английский

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