Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Environmental Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 56(16), С. 11172 - 11179

Опубликована: Авг. 2, 2022

It is hypothesized that environmental contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) defines a separate planetary boundary this has been exceeded. This hypothesis tested comparing the levels of four selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) (i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic (PFNA)) in various global media rainwater, soils, surface waters) with recently proposed guideline levels. On basis PFAAs considered, it concluded (1) PFOA PFOS rainwater often greatly exceed US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Lifetime Drinking Water Health Advisory sum aforementioned (Σ4 PFAS) above Danish drinking water limit values also based on Σ4 PFAS; (2) are Quality Standard for Inland European Union Surface Water; (3) atmospheric deposition leads to soils being ubiquitously contaminated be Dutch values. is, therefore, spread these atmosphere led chemical pollution Levels especially poorly reversible because high persistence their ability continuously cycle hydrosphere, including sea spray aerosols emitted from oceans. Because poor reversibility exposure PFAS associated effects, vitally important uses emissions rapidly restricted.

Язык: Английский

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PFAS: forever chemicals—persistent, bioaccumulative and mobile. Reviewing the status and the need for their phase out and remediation of contaminated sites

Environmental Sciences Europe, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 35(1)

Опубликована: Март 23, 2023

Abstract Background Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing scientific political attention in recent years. Several thousand commercially produced compounds are used numerous products technical processes. Due to their extreme persistence the environment, humans all other life forms are, therefore, increasingly exposed these substances. In following review, PFAS will be examined comprehensively. Results The best studied carboxylic sulfonic acids with chain lengths of C4 C14, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane (PFOS). These harmful aquatic fauna, insects, amphibians at concentrations a few µg/L or less, accumulate organisms, biomagnify food webs. Humans, as final link chains, subjected uptake primarily through drinking water. multiple toxic effects, affecting liver, kidney, thyroid, immune system. latter effect is basis for establishment tolerable weekly dose only 4.4 ng/kg body weight sum four representatives PFOA, PFOS, perfluorononanoic (PFNA) perfluorohexane (PFHxS) by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2020. Exposure estimates human biomonitoring show that this value frequently reached, many cases exceeded. major challenge analysis, especially waste: single-substance analyses capture fragment large, diverse family PFAS. As consequence, parameters gained importance. high mobility per makes soil groundwater pollution contaminated sites problem. general, short-chain more mobile than long-chain ones. Processes purification water treatment often ineffective expensive. Recycling PFAS-containing such paper packaging leads carryover contaminants. Incineration requires temperatures completely destroy After PFOS perfluorinated were regulated internationally, manufacturers users switched PFAS: representatives, per- oxo acids, telomeric alcohols acids. Analytical studies an increase environmental chemicals. Ultra-short (chain length C1–C3) not been well studied. Among others, trifluoroacetic (TFA) present globally rapidly concentrations. Conclusions substitution individual recognized hazardous possibly equally virtually unknown chronic toxicity can, solution. answer switch fluorine-free alternatives applications which essential.

Язык: Английский

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A review of microbial degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Biotransformation routes and enzymes

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 859, С. 160010 - 160010

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2022

Язык: Английский

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The role of dissolved organic matter during Per- and Polyfluorinated Substance (PFAS) adsorption, degradation, and plant uptake: A review

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 436, С. 129139 - 129139

Опубликована: Май 16, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Subsurface Environments: Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Research Prospect

Reviews of Geophysics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 60(3)

Опубликована: Авг. 7, 2022

Abstract Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), also known as “forever chemicals,” are manmade chemicals that have been increasingly detected in various geological settings since the early 2000s. The soil subsurface environments media commonly affected by PFAS. We conducted a comprehensive review of peer‐reviewed articles published from 2010 through 2022 concerning fate transport PFAS environments. This is organized into different subsections, covering basics properties how they affect occurrence, fate, PFAS, fundamental processes affecting mathematical models for describing predicting behaviors. Mechanisms governing environment, including sorption at air‐water interface, solid‐water nonaqueous phase liquids‐water were explored detail. Challenges future research priorities identified to better mitigate global challenges contamination.

Язык: Английский

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications

Environment International, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 178, С. 108033 - 108033

Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2023

Drinking-water quality is a rising concern in the United States (US), emphasizing need to broadly assess exposures and potential health effects at point-of-use. per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are national concern, however, there limited information on PFAS residential tapwater point-of-use, especially from private-wells. We conducted reconnaissance compare human unregulated private-well regulated public-supply tapwater. Tapwater 716 locations (269 private-wells; 447 public supply) across US was collected during 2016-2021 including three where temporal sampling conducted. Concentrations of were assessed by laboratories compared with land-use potential-source metrics explore drivers contamination. The number individual observed ranged 1 9 (median: 2) corresponding cumulative concentrations (sum detected PFAS) ranging 0.348 346 ng/L. Seventeen least once PFBS, PFHxS PFOA most frequently approximately 15% samples. Across US, profiles estimated median similar among private wells estimate that one could be about 45% drinking-water These detection probabilities varied spatially variation concentrations/numbers detected. Benchmark screening approaches indicated exposure risk dominated PFOS, when Potential source related concentrations, detected; relations specific likely due low frequencies higher limits. Information generated supports for further assessments risks as class combination other co-occurring contaminants, particularly unmonitored private-wells or not available.

Язык: Английский

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Bioavailability, phytotoxicity and plant uptake of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A review

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 447, С. 130805 - 130805

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Presumptive Contamination: A New Approach to PFAS Contamination Based on Likely Sources

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9(11), С. 983 - 990

Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2022

While research and regulatory attention to per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has increased exponentially in recent years, data are uneven incomplete about the scale, scope, severity of PFAS releases resulting contamination United States. This paper argues that absence high-quality testing data, can be presumed around three types facilities: (1) fluorinated aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) discharge sites, (2) certain industrial facilities, (3) sites related PFAS-containing waste. on all presumptive we integrate available geocoded, nationwide sets into a single map States, identifying 57,412 contamination: 49,145 4,255 wastewater treatment plants, 3,493 current or former military 519 major airports. conceptual approach allows governments, industries, communities rapidly systematically identify potential exposure sources.

Язык: Английский

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Efficient Recognition and Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants by a Bifunctional Molecular Material

Journal of the American Chemical Society, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 145(1), С. 260 - 267

Опубликована: Дек. 20, 2022

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exist widely in the environment and place significant impact on human health by bioaccumulation. Efficient recognition of POPs their removal are highly challenging tasks because specific structures interact often very weakly with capture materials. Herein, a molecular nanocage (1) is studied as an efficient sensing sorbent material for POPs, which demonstrated representative stable perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) substrate containing hydrophilic sulfonic group hydrophobic fluoroalkyl chain. A sensitive unusual turn-on fluorescence response within 10 s 97% total PFOS from water 20 min have been achieved owing to strong host–guest interactions between 1 PFOS. The binding constant 2 orders magnitude higher than state-of-the-art adsorbents thus represents new benchmark interaction has elucidated solid-state NMR spectroscopy single-crystal X-ray diffraction, provide key insights at level design advanced sensing/sorbent materials POPs.

Язык: Английский

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Locally caught freshwater fish across the United States are likely a significant source of exposure to PFOS and other perfluorinated compounds

Environmental Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 220, С. 115165 - 115165

Опубликована: Дек. 28, 2022

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS, gained significant public regulatory attention due to widespread contamination health harms associated with exposure. Ingestion of PFAS from contaminated food water results in the accumulation body is considered a key route human Here we calculate potential contribution PFOS consumption locally caught freshwater fish serum levels. We analyzed data for over 500 composite samples fillets collected across United States 2013 2015 under U.S. EPA's monitoring programs, National Rivers Streams Assessment Great Lakes Human Health Fish Fillet Tissue Study. The two datasets indicate that an individual's potentially source exposure perfluorinated compounds. median level total targeted rivers streams was 9,500 ng/kg, 11,800 ng/kg Lakes. largest contributor levels, averaging 74% total. levels detected were 278 times higher than commercially relevant tested by Food Drug Administration 2019–2022. Exposure assessment suggests single serving per year as EPA programs translates into increase blood serum. chemical pollutants case environmental injustice especially affects communities depend on fishing sustenance traditional cultural practices. Identifying reducing sources urgent priority.

Язык: Английский

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