Combustion, Chemistry, and Carbon Neutrality

Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 123(8), С. 5139 - 5219

Опубликована: Апрель 9, 2023

Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways adapt toward the demand future carbon neutrality. For design efficient, low-emission processes, understanding details relevant transformations essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades fossil-fuel research includes general principles establishing validating reaction mechanisms models, relying on both theory experiments suite analytic monitoring sensing techniques. Such can be advantageously applied extended configure, analyze, control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding impact its links chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information exemplary cultural technological achievements nature effects emissions. Subsequently, methodology described. A major part devoted followed by discussion selected applications, illustrating future.

Язык: Английский

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The enduring world forest carbon sink

Nature, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 631(8021), С. 563 - 569

Опубликована: Июль 17, 2024

Язык: Английский

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The future of coastal monitoring through satellite remote sensing

Cambridge Prisms Coastal Futures, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 1

Опубликована: Ноя. 28, 2022

Abstract Satellite remote sensing is transforming coastal science from a “data-poor” field into “data-rich” field. Sandy beaches are dynamic landscapes that change in response to long-term pressures, short-term pulses, and anthropogenic interventions. Until recently, the rate breadth of beach have outpaced our ability monitor those changes, due spatiotemporal limitations observational capacity. Over past several decades, only handful worldwide been regularly monitored with accurate yet expensive situ surveys. The coastal-change data these few well-monitored led in-depth understanding many site-specific processes. However, because best-monitored not representative all beaches, much remains unknown about processes fate other >99% unmonitored worldwide. fleet Earth-observing satellites has enabled multiscale monitoring for very first time, by providing imagery global coverage up daily frequency. long-standing ever-expanding archive satellite will enable scientists investigate at sites vulnerable future sea-level rise, is, (almost) everywhere. In decade, capability observe space grown substantially computing algorithmic power. Yet, further advances needed automating using machine learning, deep computer vision fully leverage this massive treasure trove data. Extensive investigation causes effects requisite scales provide managers additional, valuable information evaluate problems solutions, addressing potential widespread loss accelerated development, reduced sediment supply. Monitoring currently means seamless high resolution scale impending impacts climate on systems.

Язык: Английский

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Is green growth happening? An empirical analysis of achieved versus Paris-compliant CO2–GDP decoupling in high-income countries

The Lancet Planetary Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 7(9), С. e759 - e769

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Effects of climate change and human activities on vector-borne diseases

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22(8), С. 476 - 491

Опубликована: Март 14, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Earlier collapse of Anthropocene ecosystems driven by multiple faster and noisier drivers

Nature Sustainability, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 6(11), С. 1331 - 1342

Опубликована: Июнь 22, 2023

A major concern for the world’s ecosystems is possibility of collapse, where landscapes and societies they support change abruptly. Accelerating stress levels, increasing frequencies extreme events strengthening intersystem connections suggest that conventional modelling approaches based on incremental changes in a single may provide poor estimates impact climate human activities ecosystems. We conduct experiments four models simulate abrupt Chilika lagoon fishery, Easter Island community, forest dieback lake water quality—representing with range anthropogenic interactions. Collapses occur sooner under levels primary but additional stresses and/or inclusion noise all bring collapses substantially closer to today by ~38–81%. discuss implications further research need humanity be vigilant signs are degrading even more rapidly than previously thought. Current models, stress, have limited ability anticipate ecosystem due activities. Experiments simulating interactions show how much earlier can happen.

Язык: Английский

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Future emergence of new ecosystems caused by glacial retreat

Nature, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 620(7974), С. 562 - 569

Опубликована: Авг. 16, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Achieving a nature- and people-positive future

One Earth, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 6(2), С. 105 - 117

Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2022

Despite decades of increasing investment in conservation, we have not succeeded "bending the curve" biodiversity decline. Efforts to meet new targets and goals for next three risk repeating this outcome due factors: neglect drivers decline; unrealistic expectations time frames recovery; insufficient attention justice within between generations across countries. Our Earth system approach identifies six sets actions that when tackled simultaneously address these failings: (1) reduce reverse direct indirect causing (2) halt loss; (3) restore regenerate a safe state; (4) raise minimum wellbeing all; (5) eliminate over-consumption excesses associated with accumulation capital; (6) uphold respect rights responsibilities all communities, present future. Current conservation campaigns primarily 2 3, urgent upscaling 1, 4, 5, 6 needed help deliver post-2020 global framework.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms and Impacts of Earth System Tipping Elements

Reviews of Geophysics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 61(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 16, 2023

Abstract Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term states upon passing key thresholds or “tipping points.” In some cases, such changes could produce additional greenhouse gas emissions radiative forcing that compound global warming. Improved understanding tipping is important for predicting future risks and their impacts. Here we review mechanisms, predictions, impacts, knowledge gaps associated with 10 notable proposed be elements. We evaluate approaching critical whether shifts manifest rapidly over longer timescales. Some have a higher risk crossing points under middle‐of‐the‐road pathways will possibly affect major ecosystems, patterns, and/or carbon cycling within 21st century. However, literature assessing scenarios indicates strong potential reduce impacts many through mitigation. The studies synthesized in our suggest most do not possess abrupt years, exhibit behavior, rather responding more predictably directly magnitude forcing. Nevertheless, uncertainties remain elements, highlighting an acute need further research modeling better constrain risks.

Язык: Английский

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Widespread retreat of coastal habitat is likely at warming levels above 1.5 °C

Nature, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 621(7977), С. 112 - 119

Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2023

Abstract Several coastal ecosystems—most notably mangroves and tidal marshes—exhibit biogenic feedbacks that are facilitating adjustment to relative sea-level rise (RSLR), including the sequestration of carbon trapping mineral sediment 1 . The stability reef-top habitats under RSLR is similarly linked reef-derived accumulation vertical accretion protective coral reefs 2 persistence these ecosystems high rates contested 3 Here we show probability inferred from palaeo-stratigraphic observations aligns with contemporary in situ survey measurements. A deficit between marsh mangrove likely at 4 mm yr −1 highly 7 RSLR. As exceed , reef islands destabilize through increased shoreline erosion wave over-topping increases. Increased global warming 1.5 °C 2.0 would double area mapped exposed by 2080 2100. With warming, nearly all world’s forests almost 40% marshes estimated be least Meeting Paris agreement targets minimize disruption ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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