MAST. Maritime studies/Maritime studies,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
23(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2024
Abstract
Several
studies
have
noted
that
the
International
Seabed
Authority
(ISA)
scores
low
on
public
participation.
However,
none
studied
efforts
of
non-governmental
organizations
to
exert
influence
ISA’s
rulemaking
processes.
I
examine
how
environmental
NGOs
and
private
mining
contractors
attempt
sway
one
narrow,
but
existential,
part
draft
exploitation
regulations
between
2014
2019:
definition
“serious
harm”
marine
environment.
Although
appear
been
more
successful
in
influencing
definition,
interests
may
still
prevail.
Despite
NGOs,
term
remains
largely
undefined,
allowing
for
subjectivity
flexibility
interpretation.
This
challenge
is
exacerbated
when
combined
with
current
institutional
weaknesses
limited
scientific
expertise
within
ISA.
Ongoing
negotiations
recent
developments
may,
however,
alter
this
outcome.
Frontiers in Political Science,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
4
Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022
The
deep
seabed
in
areas
beyond
national
jurisdiction,
or
what
is
referred
to
as
“the
Area,”
the
common
heritage
of
humankind,
safeguarded
by
mandating
International
Seabed
Authority
(ISA)
protect
marine
environment
and
regulate
all
mining-related
activities
on
jurisdiction.
So
far,
ISA
has
7
contracts
for
polymetallic
sulfide
(PMS)
exploration.
PMS
deposits
are
located
at
near
deep-sea
hydrothermal
vents,
one
most
remarkable
ecosystems
Earth.
Where
hot
mineral
rich
vent
fluids
escape
from
earth's
crusts,
minerals
precipitate
deposited,
unique
biomass
microbial
animal
communities
thriving.
Several
intergovernmental
organizations
suggest
that
active
vents
classify
need
conservation.
currently
developing
regional
environmental
plans
set
some
first
steps
mining
impacts.
We
review
current
regulatory
policy
framework
spatial
management,
it
into
context.
conclude
management
measures
would
not
be
suited
harmful
impact.
recognize
ISA's
area-based
tools
under
development,
improvements
can
achieved
studying
recognizing
ecological
attributes
their
connectivity,
well
governance
taking
account
different
users
same
area.
Global Change Biology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
30(5)
Опубликована: Май 1, 2024
Abstract
The
crises
of
climate
change
and
biodiversity
loss
are
interlinked
must
be
addressed
jointly.
A
proposed
solution
for
reducing
reliance
on
fossil
fuels,
thus
mitigating
change,
is
the
transition
from
conventional
combustion‐engine
to
electric
vehicles.
This
currently
requires
additional
mineral
resources,
such
as
nickel
cobalt
used
in
car
batteries,
presently
obtained
land‐based
mines.
Most
options
meet
this
demand
associated
with
some
loss.
One
proposal
mine
deep
seabed,
a
vast,
relatively
pristine
mostly
unexplored
region
our
planet.
Few
comparisons
environmental
impacts
solely
expanding
mining
versus
extending
seabed
resources
exist
only
qualitative.
Here,
we
present
framework
that
facilitates
holistic
comparison
relative
ecosystem
by
mining,
using
empirical
data
relevant
metrics.
(Environmental
Impact
Wheel)
includes
suite
physicochemical
biological
components,
rather
than
few
selected
metrics,
surrogates,
or
proxies.
It
modified
“recovery
wheel”
presented
International
Standards
Practice
Ecological
Restoration
address
recovery.
wheel
six
attributes
(physical
condition,
community
composition,
structural
diversity,
function,
external
exchanges
absence
threats).
Each
has
3–5
sub
attributes,
turn
measured
several
indicators.
five
steps:
(1)
identifying
geographic
scope;
(2)
spatiotemporal
scales;
(3)
selecting
indicators
each
sub‐attribute;
(4)
aggregating
changes
scores;
(5)
generating
Environmental
Wheels
targeted
comparisons.
To
move
forward
thresholds
reflect
range
severity
needed.
Indicators
should
based
clearly
articulated
goals,
objectives
targets
specific,
measurable,
achievable,
relevant,
time
bound.
Limnology and Oceanography Letters,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
9(1), С. 23 - 32
Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2023
Abstract
Despite
the
perpetual
darkness
of
deep
sea,
contrasting
sunlit
epipelagic
waters,
many
deep‐sea
organisms
exhibit
rhythmic
activities.
To
discern
environmental
cues
that
may
serve
as
entrainment
signals
for
organisms,
this
study
investigated
soundscape
abyssal
plain
south
Minamitorishima
Island.
Our
analysis
revealed
clear
diel
and
seasonal
patterns,
primarily
driven
by
evening
fish
choruses
marine
mammal
vocalizations.
These
choruses,
discernible
above
background
noise,
likely
a
circadian
time
cue
capable
perceiving
them
within
aphotic
depths.
In
addition,
frequent
detection
whistles
echolocation
clicks
suggests
region
functions
foraging
ground
mammals.
acoustic
might
guide
with
auditory
capabilities
toward
habitats
rich
in
sinking
food
debris
whale
falls.
By
elucidating
ecological
processes
shaping
dynamics,
these
findings
open
new
directions
further
exploration
chronobiology.
MAST. Maritime studies/Maritime studies,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
23(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2024
Abstract
Several
studies
have
noted
that
the
International
Seabed
Authority
(ISA)
scores
low
on
public
participation.
However,
none
studied
efforts
of
non-governmental
organizations
to
exert
influence
ISA’s
rulemaking
processes.
I
examine
how
environmental
NGOs
and
private
mining
contractors
attempt
sway
one
narrow,
but
existential,
part
draft
exploitation
regulations
between
2014
2019:
definition
“serious
harm”
marine
environment.
Although
appear
been
more
successful
in
influencing
definition,
interests
may
still
prevail.
Despite
NGOs,
term
remains
largely
undefined,
allowing
for
subjectivity
flexibility
interpretation.
This
challenge
is
exacerbated
when
combined
with
current
institutional
weaknesses
limited
scientific
expertise
within
ISA.
Ongoing
negotiations
recent
developments
may,
however,
alter
this
outcome.
