ABSTRACT
Background
Breast
cancer
(BC)
is
the
most
prevalent
malignancy
among
women
and
associated
with
high
mortality
significant
clinical
challenges.
Although
conventional
treatments
such
as
surgery,
chemotherapy,
radiotherapy
have
significantly
improved
patient
survival,
their
efficacy
remains
limited
by
severe
side
effects
treatment
resistance.
In
recent
years,
advances
in
immunotherapy
underscored
pivotal
role
of
immune
cells
treating
BC.
Recent
Findings
This
systematic
review
summarizes
current
knowledge
on
roles
within
BC
tumor
microenvironment
(TME),
including
phenotypes,
functions,
implications
for
immunotherapy.
Following
PRISMA
guidelines,
71
studies
published
between
2010
2024
were
analyzed.
The
results
indicate
that
cell
populations—such
tumor‐associated
macrophages
(TAMs),
tumor‐infiltrating
lymphocytes
(TILs),
natural
killer
(NK)
cells,
dendritic
(DCs),
myeloid‐derived
suppressor
(MDSCs)—are
integral
to
progression
therapeutic
response.
However,
functional
heterogeneity
plasticity
remain
key
obstacles
development
effective
personalized
immunotherapeutic
strategies.
Conclusion
Further
research
needed
clarify
mechanisms
governing
behavior
TME
advance
precision
Such
insights
will
lay
foundation
individualized
approaches,
ultimately
improving
outcomes
quality
life
(QoL).
Immunotherapy
has
recently
emerged
as
a
treatment
strategy
which
stimulates
the
human
immune
system
to
kill
tumor
cells.
Tumor
immunotherapy
is
based
on
editing,
enhances
antigenicity
of
cells
and
increases
tumoricidal
effect
It
also
suppresses
immunosuppressive
molecules,
activates
or
restores
function,
anti-tumor
responses,
inhibits
growth
f
cell.
This
offers
possibility
reducing
mortality
in
triple-negative
breast
cancer
(TNBC).Immunotherapy
approaches
for
TNBC
have
been
diversified
recent
years,
with
breakthroughs
this
entity.
Research
checkpoint
inhibitors
(ICIs)
made
it
possible
identify
different
molecular
subtypes
formulate
individualized
schedules.
review
highlights
unique
microenvironment
integrates
analyzes
advances
ICI
therapy.
discusses
strategies
combination
ICIs
chemotherapy,
radiation
therapy,
targeted
emerging
methods
such
nanotechnology,
ribonucleic
acid
vaccines,
gene
Currently,
numerous
ongoing
completed
clinical
trials
are
exploring
utilization
conjunction
existing
modalities
TNBC.
The
objective
these
investigations
assess
effectiveness
various
combined
determine
most
effective
regimens
patients
TNBC.This
provides
insights
into
used
overcome
drug
resistance
immunotherapy,
explores
directions
development
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
9(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 18, 2024
Immunotherapy
has
made
significant
strides
in
cancer
treatment,
particularly
through
immune
checkpoint
blockade
(ICB),
which
shown
notable
clinical
benefits
across
various
tumor
types.
Despite
the
transformative
impact
of
ICB
treatment
therapy,
only
a
minority
patients
exhibit
positive
response
to
it.
In
with
solid
tumors,
those
who
respond
well
typically
demonstrate
an
active
profile
referred
as
"hot"
(immune-inflamed)
phenotype.
On
other
hand,
non-responsive
may
distinct
"cold"
(immune-desert)
phenotype,
differing
from
features
tumors.
Additionally,
there
is
more
nuanced
"excluded"
positioned
between
and
categories,
known
type.
Effective
differentiation
understanding
intrinsic
factors,
characteristics,
TME,
external
factors
are
critical
for
predicting
results.
It
widely
accepted
that
therapy
exerts
profound
effect
on
limited
efficacy
against
or
"altered"
necessitating
combinations
therapeutic
modalities
enhance
cell
infiltration
into
tissue
convert
tumors
ones.
Therefore,
aligning
traits
this
review
systematically
delineates
respective
influencing
extensively
discusses
varied
approaches
drug
targets
based
assess
efficacy.
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
9(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2024
Non-genetic
mechanisms
have
recently
emerged
as
important
drivers
of
anticancer
drug
resistance.
Among
these,
the
tolerant
persister
(DTP)
cell
phenotype
is
attracting
more
and
attention
giving
a
predominant
non-genetic
role
in
cancer
therapy
The
DTP
characterized
by
quiescent
or
slow-cell-cycle
reversible
state
subpopulation
inert
specialization
to
stimuli,
which
tolerates
exposure
some
extent
through
interaction
multiple
underlying
recovering
growth
proliferation
after
withdrawal,
ultimately
leading
treatment
resistance
recurrence.
Therefore,
targeting
cells
anticipated
provide
new
opportunities
for
patients,
although
our
current
knowledge
these
remains
limited.
In
this
review,
we
comprehensive
overview
formation
characteristics
cells,
investigate
potential
drugs
(including
preclinical
drugs,
novel
use
old
natural
products)
based
on
different
medicine
models,
discuss
necessity
feasibility
anti-DTP
therapy,
related
application
forms,
future
issues
that
will
need
be
addressed
advance
emerging
field
towards
clinical
applications.
Nonetheless,
understanding
functions
may
enable
us
develop
effective
improve
outcomes
patients.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(8), С. 6945 - 6945
Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2023
Triple-negative
breast
cancer
(TNBC)
is
the
most
aggressive
subtype
of
cancer,
with
clinical
features
high
metastatic
potential,
susceptibility
to
relapse,
and
poor
prognosis.
TNBC
lacks
expression
estrogen
receptor
(ER),
progesterone
(PR),
human
epidermal
growth
factor
2
(HER2).
It
characterized
by
genomic
transcriptional
heterogeneity
a
tumor
microenvironment
(TME)
presence
levels
stromal
tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes
(TILs),
immunogenicity,
an
important
immunosuppressive
landscape.
Recent
evidence
suggests
that
metabolic
changes
in
TME
play
key
role
molding
development
impacting
immune
cell
fractions,
composition,
activation.
Hence,
complex
inter-talk
between
signaling
exists,
highlighting
possibility
uncovering
investigating
novel
therapeutic
targets.
A
better
understanding
interaction
cells,
underlying
molecular
mechanisms
cell–cell
communication
signaling,
may
uncover
additional
targets
for
strategies
treatment.
In
this
review,
we
aim
discuss
reprogramming,
linking
these
potential
targetable
generate
new,
physical
science-inspired
translational
insights
cure
TNBC.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14
Опубликована: Май 18, 2023
The
treatment
outcome
of
breast
cancer
is
closely
related
to
estrogen
receptor
(ER),
progesterone
(PR),
and
human
epidermal
growth
factor
2
(HER2)
expression.
Triple-negative
(TNBC)
lacking
ER,
PR,
HER2
expression
has
limited
options
a
poor
prognosis.
Tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes
(TILs)
play
role
in
promoting
or
resisting
tumors
by
affecting
the
tumor
microenvironment
are
known
as
key
regulators
progression.
However,
treatments
for
TNBC
(e.g.,
surgery,
chemotherapy
radiotherapy)
have
non-satisfaction’s
curative
effect
so
far.
This
article
reviews
different
types
TILs
research
progress
adoptive
cell
therapy,
aiming
provide
new
therapeutic
approaches
TNBC.
Frontiers in Immunology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15
Опубликована: Дек. 13, 2024
Triple-negative
breast
cancer
(TNBC)
is
an
aggressive
subtype
of
characterized
by
the
absence
progesterone
and
estrogen
receptors
low
(or
absent)
HER2
expression.
TNBC
accounts
for
15-20%
all
cancers.
It
associated
with
younger
age,
a
higher
mutational
burden,
increased
risk
recurrence
mortality.
Standard
treatment
primarily
relies
on
cytotoxic
agents,
such
as
taxanes,
anthracyclines,
platinum
compounds
both
early
advanced
stages
disease.
Several
targeted
therapies,
including
bevacizumab
sunitinib,
have
failed
to
demonstrate
significant
clinical
benefit
in
TNBC.
The
emergence
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors
(ICI)
has
revolutionized
treatment.
By
stimulating
system,
ICIs
induce
durable
anti-tumor
response
across
various
solid
tumors.
particularly
promising
target
due
levels
tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes
(TIL),
PD-L1
expression,
which
generates
tumor-specific
neoantigens
that
activate
cells.
administered
monotherapy
yields
only
modest
response;
however,
rates
significantly
improve
when
are
combined
tumors
expressing
PD-L1.
Pembrolizumab
approved
use
combination
standard
chemotherapy.
However,
more
research
needed
identify
potent
biomarkers,
better
elucidate
synergism
other
agents.
In
this
review,
we
explore
challenges
immunotherapy
TNBC,
examining
mechanisms
tumor
progression
mediated
cells
within
microenvironment,
signaling
pathways
involved
primary
acquired
resistance.
Finally,
provide
comprehensive
overview
ongoing
trials
underway
investigate
novel
immune-targeted
therapies
