Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2024

Язык: Английский

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The Haemagglutinin Gene of Bovine-Origin H5N1 Influenza Viruses Currently Retains Receptor-binding and pH-fusion Characteristics of Avian Host Phenotype

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2025

Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused a panzootic affecting all continents except Australia, expanding its host range to several mammalian species. In March 2024, HPAIV was first detected in dairy cattle and goats the United States. Over 891 farms across 16 states have tested positive until 25th December with zoonotic infections reported among workers. This raises concerns about undergoing evolutionary changes that could enhance potential. The Influenza glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA) facilitates entry into cells through receptor binding pH-induced fusion cellular membranes. Adaptive HA modulate virus-host cell interactions. study compared genes of goat viruses dominant avian-origin clade Kingdom, focusing on binding, pH fusion, thermostability. All showed exclusively avian-like receptors, 5.9, outside associated efficient human airborne transmissibility (pH 5.0 5.5). We further investigated impact emerging substitutions seen ongoing outbreaks, but saw little phenotypic difference, continued exclusive analogues pHs above 5.8. suggests from outbreaks do not pose an enhanced threat circulating viruses. However, given rapid evolution H5 viruses, continuous monitoring updated risk assessments remain essential understanding pandemic risks.

Язык: Английский

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Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2023, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Ноя. 24, 2023

Abstract Until recent events, the Antarctic was only major geographical region in which high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) had never previously been detected. The current panzootic of H5N1 HPAIV has decimated wild bird populations across Europe, North America, and South America. Here we report on detection clade 2.3.4.4b sub-Antarctic regions Georgia Falkland Islands, respectively. We initially detected samples collected from brown skuas at Bird Island, 8 th October 2023. Since this detection, mortalities were observed skuas, kelp gulls, shag, tern, elephant seals fur multiple sites Georgia. Subsequent testing confirmed several sampling locations species two seal species. Simultaneously, also southern fulmar black-browed albatross Islands. Genetic assessment indicates spread likely through movement migratory birds. Critically, genetic sequences mammalian demonstrates no increased risk to human populations. describe impact composition propose both introductory routes potential long-term region. speculate threat specific following reports area.

Язык: Английский

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Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk

medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Май 31, 2024

Abstract In late 2023 an H5N1 lineage of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) began circulating in American dairy cattle 1 . Concerningly, titres were detected cows’ milk, raising the concern that milk could be a route human infection. Cows’ is typically pasteurised to render it safe for consumption, but effectiveness pasteurisation on viruses was uncertain. To assess this, we evaluated heat inactivation panel different viruses. This included and A (IAVs), D naturally infects cattle, recombinant IAVs carrying contemporary or bovine glycoproteins. At temperatures, viral infectivity rapidly lost became undetectable before times recommended pasteurisation. We then showed HPAIV effectively inactivated by comparable treatment, even though its genetic material remained detectable. conclude industry standard conditions should inactivate unpasteurised carry infectious

Язык: Английский

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Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2025

Abstract In late 2023 an H5N1 lineage of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) began circulating in American dairy cattle Concerningly, titres were detected cows’ milk, raising the concern that milk could be a route human infection. Cows’ is typically pasteurised to render it safe for consumption, but effectiveness pasteurisation on viruses was uncertain. To assess this, here we evaluate heat inactivation panel different viruses. This includes and A (IAVs), D naturally infects cattle, recombinant IAVs carrying contemporary or bovine glycoproteins. At temperatures 63 °C 72 °C, find viral infectivity rapidly lost becomes undetectable before times recommended (30 minutes 15 seconds, respectively). We then show HPAIV effectively inactivated by comparable treatment, even though its genetic material remains detectable. conclude conditions should inactivate unpasteurised carry infectious

Язык: Английский

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Impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) on a Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis population wintering on the Solway Firth, UK

Bird Study, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 12

Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2025

Capsule An outbreak of HPAI H5N1 amongst wintering Barnacle Geese in 2021/22 killed approximately 31% the population (11,400 birds) with mortality peaking during December 2021 and first-year birds being under-represented carcass collections.

Язык: Английский

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The Role of Airborne Particles in the Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Commercial Poultry Production Units

Viruses, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(4), С. 1002 - 1002

Опубликована: Апрель 19, 2023

Since October 2021, Europe has experienced the largest avian influenza virus (AIV) epizootic, caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV), with over 284 poultry infected premises (IPs) and 2480 dead H5N1-positive wild birds detected in Great Britain alone. Many IPs have presented as geographical clusters, raising questions about lateral spread between airborne particles. Airborne transmission short distances been observed for some strains. However, risk of this strain remains to be elucidated. We conducted extensive sampling from where HPAIVs were confirmed during 2022/23 each representing a major species (ducks, turkeys, chickens). A range environmental samples collected inside outside houses, including deposited dust, feathers, other potential fomites. Viral RNA (vRNA) infectious viruses air but close proximity vRNA alone being at greater (≤10 m) outside. Some dust affected houses contained viruses, while feathers located up 80 m away, only vRNA. Together, these data suggest that particles harboring HPAIV can translocated (<10 through air, macroscopic containing might travel further (≤80 m). Therefore, is considered low. Other factors, indirect contact efficiency biosecurity, represent importance disease incursion.

Язык: Английский

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Rapid mortality in captive bush dogs ( Speothos venaticus ) caused by influenza A of avian origin (H5N1) at a wildlife collection in the United Kingdom

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2024

Europe has suffered unprecedented epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 since Autumn 2021. As well as impacting upon commercial and wild species, the virus also infected mammalian species more than ever observed previously. Mammalian involved in spill over events have primarily been scavenging terrestrial carnivores farmed although marine mammals affected. Alongside reports detections found dead through different surveillance schemes, several mass mortality reported animals. During November 2022, an unusual event was captive bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) with HPAIV origin being causative agent. The enclosure fifteen dogs, ten which succumbed during a nine-day period some exhibiting neurological disease. Ingestion meat is proposed most likely infection route.

Язык: Английский

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A case study of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 at Bird Island, South Georgia: the first documented outbreak in the subantarctic region

Bird Study, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 12

Опубликована: Сен. 26, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth

Pathogens, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(1), С. 83 - 83

Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2024

The United Kingdom (UK) and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) since 2020 peaking in the autumn/winter periods. During 2021/22 season, a mass die-off event Svalbard Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis) was observed on Solway Firth, body water west coast border between England Scotland. This area is used annually by to over-winter, before returning breed. Following initial identification HPAIV Goose 8 November 2021, up 32% total population may succumbed disease end March 2022, along with other wild bird species area. Potential adaptation within this evaluated. Whole-genome sequencing thirty-three isolates from demonstrated that there had been two distinct incursions virus, but viruses remained genetically stable population, whilst infected birds were closely related those poultry cases occurring same region. Analysis sera following year high percentage (76%) developed antibodies H5 AIV. study demonstrates genetic stability strain Anseriformes, that, at scale, significant impact survival, proportion recover infection.

Язык: Английский

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