Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 37(2)

Опубликована: Май 22, 2024

SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also practicalities, disbenefits, harms personal, sociocultural environmental impacts-of masks masking. Our synthesis of from over 100 published reviews selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses key clinical trials, produced seven findings. First, there is strong consistent for airborne transmission severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) other pathogens. Second, are, if correctly consistently worn, effective in reducing diseases show dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates overall, community Fifth, important symbols; non-adherence to masking sometimes linked political ideological beliefs widely circulated mis- disinformation. Sixth, while much that not generally harmful general population, may be relatively contraindicated individuals with certain conditions, who require exemption. Furthermore, groups (notably D/deaf people) disadvantaged when others masked. Finally, risks environment single-use respirators. We propose an agenda future research, improved characterization situations which should recommended mandated; attention comfort acceptability; generalized disability-focused communication support settings where worn; development testing novel materials designs filtration, breathability, impact.

Язык: Английский

---

Reveling in Mayhem: The Need for Chaos in Pandemic Psychology

Journal of Social Issues, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 81(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2025

ABSTRACT The COVID‐19 pandemic is a critical challenge to public health, with authorities emphasizing the importance of measures like vaccination curb its spread. Yet, misperceptions, including distrust in scientists and conspiratorial beliefs about disease, pose significant barriers these efforts. Amid turmoil pandemic, that is, there are some who revel mayhem. Our research investigates need for chaos (NFC)—the drive disrupt societal institutions—as predictor misperceptions. In an online sample ( N = 1079 individuals), we found those high NFC also more anti‐intellectual, less cognitively sophisticated, prone thinking, COVID‐19, reported reduced willingness engage other forms disease mitigation, such as social distancing. These observations emerged while controlling ideology psychological, political, demographic variables. We find evidence relationships between COVID‐19‐specific behaviors may be explained by greater endorsement conspiracy theories (CTs). consider implications findings scientific understanding psychology, political challenges surround effective mitigation issues concerning health.

Язык: Английский

---

How does COVID stress vary across the anxiety-related disorders? Assessing factorial invariance and changes in COVID Stress Scale scores during the pandemic

Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 87, С. 102554 - 102554

Опубликована: Март 4, 2022

No studies have examined whether levels of COVID stress vary across anxiety-related disorders. Likewise, no assessed structural invariance the Stress Scales (CSS) clinical diagnoses. We sought to address these issues in present study. Given dynamic nature pandemics, we also changed from first third wave those with diagnoses and mental health conditions.Data were collected during COVID-19 two independent samples adults about a year apart (early-mid 2020, N = 6854; early-mid 2021, 5812) recruited Canada United States through an online survey. Participants provided demographic information, indicated presence current (i.e., past-year) or mood disorder, completed CSS.The five CSS reliable (internally consistent), five-factor structure was stable samples. Scores tended be highest people disorders, particularly panic disorder. As expected, scores fluctuated over time, being higher early phases pandemic when threat greatest lower later phases, vaccines deployed reduced.The findings add growing number supporting psychometric properties CSS. The results encourage further investigations into utility scales, such as their ability detect treatment-related changes COVID-19-related distress. scales show promise for future pandemics outbreaks because can modified, minor wording changes, assess distress associated all kinds disease outbreaks.

Язык: Английский

---

Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides?

Behavioral Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12(8), С. 262 - 262

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2022

In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This heavily impacts the population's mental health thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in worst case, suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants anxiolytics at hand, is still unable achieve remission patients. The pathophysiology anxiety only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers focus on neuropeptides, as they are vast group signaling molecules nervous system. Neuropeptides involved regulation physiological functions. Some act neuromodulators often co-released neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between brain body. Most studied past were antidepressant anxiolytic effects oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y S, Substance P. However, recent years, more novel neuropeptides have added list, implications research development new targets, diagnostic elements, even therapies treat depressive disorders. this review, we take close look all currently their related pathways, roles stress adaptation, etiology humans animal models. We will latest information regarding these associated picture potential uses future.

Язык: Английский

---

COVID-19 Pandemic Fatigue and Its Sociodemographic, Mental Health Status, and Perceived Causes: A Cross-Sectional Study Nearing the Transition to an Endemic Phase in Malaysia

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(5), С. 4476 - 4476

Опубликована: Март 2, 2023

This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic characteristics, mental health status, and perceived causes of pandemic fatigue with COVID-19 among general population Malaysia. The data was collected online during transition from phase endemic in Malaysia 1 30 April 2022. Sociodemographic data, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), fatigue, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) were included survey. chi-square test a simple logistic regression analysis used identify predictors fatigue. completed survey (N = 775) individuals aged 18 years or above [mean 31.98 (SD 12.16)] all states Pandemic prevalence 54.2%. Severe extremely severe depression, anxiety, stress symptoms detected 11.2%, 14.9%, 9.1% participants, respectively. Younger age, non-Malay ethnicity, living alone, higher income categories significantly fatigued group. Higher DASS-21 scores on domains associated FAS scores. Meanwhile, high for tiredness complying Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), risk infection COVID-19, hardship due pandemic, public complacency changes score. provides valuable information policymakers professionals worldwide its factors, including status

Язык: Английский

---

COVID stress in older adults: Considerations during the Omicron wave and beyond

Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 86, С. 102535 - 102535

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022

Язык: Английский

---

Who develops pandemic fatigue? Insights from Latent Class Analysis

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 17(11), С. e0276791 - e0276791

Опубликована: Ноя. 10, 2022

According to the World Health Organization, pandemic fatigue poses a serious threat for managing COVID-19. Pandemic is characterized by progressive decline in adherence social distancing (SDIS) guidelines, and thought be associated with pandemic-related emotional burnout. Little known about nature of fatigue; example, it unclear who most likely develop fatigue. We sought evaluate this issue based on data from 5,812 American Canadian adults recruited during second year COVID-19 pandemic. Past-year SDIS had categorical latent structure according Latent Class Analysis, consisting group adherent (Class 1: 92% sample) reporting (i.e., 2: 8% sample). 2, compared 1, was greater burnout, pessimism, apathy They also tended younger, perceived themselves more affluent, have levels narcissism, entitlement, gregariousness, were report having been previously infected SARSCOV2, which they regarded as an exaggerated threat. People 2 self-reported higher stress, anxiety, depression, described making active efforts at coping restrictions, unnecessary stressful. 1 generally reported that engaged benefit their community, although 35% class feared would publicly shamed if did not comply guidelines. The findings suggest affects substantial minority people even many SDIS-adherent experience emotionally adverse effects fear being shamed). Implications future are discussed.

Язык: Английский

---

The relationship between fear of old age, loneliness and death anxiety in adults

Psychogeriatrics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(3), С. 627 - 636

Опубликована: Март 12, 2024

Abstract Background The increase in the number of elderly people world, individuals' perspectives on older adults, and false beliefs ideas about old age negatively affect adults terms ageing. This study was conducted to determine relationship between fear age, loneliness death anxiety adults. Method study, which designed a correlational cross‐sectional descriptive model, with 1074 adult individuals living one province eastern Turkey. Data were collected using Personal Information Form, Fear Old Age Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale Turkish Death Anxiety Scale. analyzed SPSS 25.0, AMOS 24.0, G*Power 3.1 statistical package programs. Results In our it determined that model created line hypotheses compatible fit indices within desired limits as χ 2 / df = 4.737, root mean square error approximation 0.05, comparative index 0.93, goodness‐of‐fit 0.92, adjusted 0.90, IFI 0.93. There is significant ( P < 0.05). It has mediating role effect (95% confidence interval: 0.112–0.226; Conclusion As level increases, increases. also increases anxiety. recommended conduct intervention studies reduce age. Longitudinal recommended.

Язык: Английский

---

Coronavirus–Related Stressors, Resilient Mindset, Loneliness, Depressive Symptoms in College Students: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model

Psychological Reports, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 127(4), С. 1633 - 1651

Опубликована: Ноя. 15, 2022

The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak alarmingly threats the mental health and functioning of people globally. present study aims to examine moderated mediation role resilient mindset loneliness in association stress depressive symptoms. We recruited 394 undergraduate students from a state university Türkiye, ranging age between 18 47 years ( M = 22.76, SD 3.88; 65% female). main results revealed that mediated relationship coronavirus-related Moreover, mediating effect symptoms association. Taken together, these findings pointed out effects on can be captured better by underlying psychological mechanisms, namely loneliness.

Язык: Английский

---

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Socioeconomic Aspects in Greece

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(3), С. 1843 - 1843

Опубликована: Янв. 19, 2023

The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide, affecting almost all countries and territories. continues to impact various spheres our life, such as economy, industries, market, agriculture, human health, health care, many others. aim this study was investigate COVID-lockdowns on people’s mental in Greece. A descriptive, cross-sectional conducted several urban, semi-urban rural areas. survey 252 Greek people spring 2022, 46.8% them were female other 53.2% male. Ages between 19 60 years old. Some main findings that most participants feel their got worse than before (about 80%), with kids more affected those who did not have any because they had bigger responsibilities might caused a lot problems deal with. higher income, less are affected, whose jobs change dramatically also likely be much mentally affected. Moreover, percentage smokers became greater among smoke. same happened consumed alcohol. Finally, we used GBM algorithm find three important predictors applied k-means clear picture different clusters how number connected according answers.

Язык: Английский

---