Belowground energy fluxes determine tree diversity effects on above- and belowground food webs

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

Worldwide tree diversity loss raises concerns about functional and energetic declines across trophic levels. In this study, we coupled 160 above- belowground food webs, quantifying energy fluxes to microorganisms invertebrates in a tree-mycorrhiza experiment, test how affects of above below the ground. The experiment differentiates three mycorrhizal type treatments: only AM species (with arbuscular mycorrhizae), EcM ectomycorrhizae; one, two, four species), or mixtures both (AM+EcM; two species). Our results indicate that most initially flowed through communities, with soil contributing 97.7% total fauna accounting for 60.9% animals. Consequently, fueled surface (62.3% predation) aboveground (30.5% predators. Tree increased ecosystem multifunctionality (indicated by averaged fluxes) ∼30% levels while it shifted webs from fast (such as bacterial-dominated) slow fungal-dominated) channels communities. primarily impacted communities strengthened coupling increasing importance prey predators at These findings highlight types drive functioning via fluxes.

Язык: Английский

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Tree species mixing can increase stand productivity, density and growth efficiency and attenuate the trade-off between density and growth throughout the whole rotation

Annals of Botany, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 128(6), С. 767 - 786

Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2021

Many recent studies emphasize that mixed species is a promising silvicultural option for sustainable ecosystem management under uncertain and risky future environmental conditions. However, compared with monocultures, knowledge of stands still rather fragmentary. This comprehensive study analysed the most common Central European tree combinations to determine extent which mono-layered mixing (1) can increase stand productivity stem diameter growth, (2) density or growth efficiency, (3) reduce competition attenuate relationship between mono-specific stands.The was based on 63 long-term experimental plots in Germany repeated spatially explicit inventories. They covered Norway spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), beech (Fagus sylvatica), sessile oak (Quercus petraea), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Based measurement, we quantified each intra- inter-specific neighbourhood, local growth. We applied models analyse how neighbourhoods modify productivity, density, individual trade-off productivity.We found gains 7-53 % versus continuing over entire rotation. All mixtures achieved 3-36 higher leaf area index until advanced age. Stem increased by up 31 stands. The efficiency higher, except beech. attenuated mixture.The mainly case spruce/silver fir/European oak/European it more efficient resource use given same pine/European ash/sycamore maple. In other assemblages combination increase. hypothesize effect may be site-invariant depends structural complementarity. depend growth-limiting factor remedied mixture thus co-determined site For forest management, results indicate size mixing. examined this show thinning acceleration requires less reduction causes losses than monocultures. discuss consequences our findings prescriptions mixed-species

Язык: Английский

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Surviving in Changing Forests: Abiotic Disturbance Legacy Effects on Arthropod Communities of Temperate Forests

Current Forestry Reports, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 9(4), С. 189 - 218

Опубликована: Май 8, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Variability in Plant–Herbivore Interactions

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 54(1), С. 451 - 474

Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2023

Plants and herbivores are remarkably variable in space time, variability has been considered a defining feature of their interactions. Empirical research, however, traditionally focused on understanding differences means overlooked the theoretically significant ecological evolutionary roles itself. We review literature with goal showing how variability-explicit research expands our perspective plant–herbivore ecology evolution. first clarify terminology for describing variation then patterns, causes, consequences herbivory across scales space, biological organization. consider incorporating improves existing hypotheses leads to new ones. conclude by suggesting future work that reports full distributions, integrates effects scales, describes nonlinearities, considers stochastic deterministic combine determine distributions.

Язык: Английский

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Reassembly of Disturbed Forests Portends Climate Resilience but Diversity Loss

Ecosystems, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 28(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025

Shifting species distributions in response to climate change are leading community reassembly worldwide. Given the importance of forests global carbon cycle, may have important impacts on ecological functioning. Yet, how and disturbance jointly influence has yet be reconciled. We combined U.S. Forest Service Inventory Analysis data with a process-based model explore biodiversity biomass Eastern USA forests, which constitute > 59% forest sink. Because regenerating communities provide window into future assemblages, we first examined changes seedling sapling density from 2003 2021. then investigated by quantifying associations richness along gradients disturbance. Finally, integrated empirical results SORTIE-ND simulation models estimate quantify lag time between current regeneration gradients. Though densities declined 2021, disturbed had higher rates accelerated reassembly. Species warmer responded favorably disturbance, resulting proportion warm-adapted species. declining were not sufficient keep pace overstory mortality, ultimately reduced increasing severity. Reassembly coincided lower adult richness. These findings highlight that contributes resilience creating recruitment opportunities for trees, but at cost productivity.

Язык: Английский

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Positive effects of species mixing on biodiversity of understory plant communities and soil health in forest plantations

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 122(11)

Опубликована: Март 13, 2025

Mixed-species plantations are increasingly recognized for their potential to maintain forest biodiversity and soil health; however, a comprehensive assessment of global effectiveness is lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted meta-analysis 7,045 paired observations between mixed-species monoculture plantations, derived from 311 studies across diverse ecosystems worldwide. Our results show that significantly increased understory plant biomass, cover, species richness by 32.6%, 55.4%, 32.2%, respectively, compared monocultures. Furthermore, the Shannon Pielou diversity indices 28.2% 8.6%, Simpson index 9.6%. When shrub herbaceous were considered separately, mixing had positive effects on but no effect diversity. Moreover, markedly improved physical chemical properties These improvements include increases in nutrient content (9.6 17.8%) availability (14.7 33.5%), microbial biomass (17.2 28.8%), carbon sequestration (7.2 19.9%). enhancements particularly pronounced included legumes. findings reveal benefits influenced climatic conditions, geographic location, stand age, with most substantial observed temperate regions mature stands. This study underscores critical role promoting sustainable management mitigating ecological limitations

Язык: Английский

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Tree diversity reduces the risk of bark beetle infestation for preferred conifer species, but increases the risk for less preferred hosts

Journal of Ecology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 109(7), С. 2649 - 2661

Опубликована: Май 16, 2021

Abstract In recent decades, European temperate forests have repeatedly suffered from severe droughts. Drought‐weakened often become more susceptible to pest outbreaks such as bark beetle infestations. Tree species diversity is expected increase resistance drought and pests, but evidence for a positive tree effect on insect reduction largely circumstantial. Here we tested the effects of biogeographic origin infestation in large, young experiment, with six broadleaved conifer Europe North America. Lower risk was exotic each congeneric pair (spruce, larch pine) mixtures higher richness broadleaf proportion. Following summer 2018, trees were attacked by six‐toothed spruce Pityogenes chalcographus . Bark boreholes recorded winter 2018/2019 all species. Norway Picea abies Larix decidua most infested thus considered main hosts beetle. For these two species, probability decreased increasing (although this only significant ). contrast, Pinus , which less overall, likely be plots high diversity. Exotic tended infested, clearest support enemy release found at level intensity when considering pure stands. Overall, not strong position within experimental site, where rates observed edge than centre. Synthesis Increasing may reduce genera prone ( ), preferred some extent species) due spillover hosts. mixed forests, infestation, even relatively specialized redistributed among rather reduced all.

Язык: Английский

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Impact of Stand and Landscape Management on Forest Pest Damage

Annual Review of Entomology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 67(1), С. 181 - 199

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2021

One promising approach to mitigate the negative impacts of insect pests in forests is adapt forestry practices create ecosystems that are more resistant and resilient biotic disturbances. At stand scale, local management often cause idiosyncratic effects on forest depending environmental context focal pest species. However, increasing tree diversity appears be a general strategy for reducing damage across several types. landscape heterogeneity (e.g., intermixing different types and/or age classes) represents frontier improving resistance resilience avoiding large-scale outbreaks. In addition their greater resilience, heterogeneous landscapes frequently support wide range ecosystem functions services. A challenge will develop cooperation coordination among multiple actors at spatial scales transcend historical management.

Язык: Английский

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Meta-analysis of tree diversity effects on the abundance, diversity and activity of herbivores' enemies

Basic and Applied Ecology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 58, С. 130 - 138

Опубликована: Дек. 12, 2021

The natural enemies hypothesis predicts that the abundance and diversity of antagonists such as predators parasitoids herbivores increases with plants, which can lead to more effective top-down control insect herbivores. However, although has received large support in agricultural systems, fewer studies have been conducted forest ecosystems a comprehensive synthesis previous research is still lacking. We meta-analysis 65 publications comparing diversity, or activity various groups (including birds, bats, spiders parasitoids) pure vs. mixed stands. tested effects biome, enemy taxon type study (managed vs experimental forest). found significant positive effect tree on but not their activity. was stronger towards lower latitudes contingent level. Overall, our contributes toward better understanding "natural hypothesis" systems provides new insights about mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we outline potential avenues for strengthening resistance growing threat herbivorous insects.

Язык: Английский

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Population ecology and classical biological control of forest insect pests in a changing world

Forest Ecology and Management, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 520, С. 120400 - 120400

Опубликована: Июль 5, 2022

Язык: Английский

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