Annual Review of Phytopathology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
61(1), С. 377 - 401
Опубликована: Май 31, 2023
Society
is
confronted
by
interconnected
threats
to
ecological
sustainability.
Among
these
the
devastation
of
forests
destructive
non-native
pathogens
and
insects
introduced
through
global
trade,
leading
loss
critical
ecosystem
services
a
forest
health
crisis.
We
argue
that
crisis
public-good
social
dilemma
propose
response
framework
incorporates
principles
collective
action.
This
enables
scientists
better
engage
policymakers
empowers
public
advocate
for
proactive
biosecurity
management.
Collective
action
in
features
broadly
inclusive
stakeholder
engagement
build
trust
set
goals;
accountability
pest
introductions;
pooled
support
weakest-link
partners;
inclusion
intrinsic
nonmarket
values
ecosystems
risk
assessment.
provide
short-term
longer-term
measures
incorporate
above
shift
societal
paradigm
more
resilient
state.
Worldwide
tree
diversity
loss
raises
concerns
about
functional
and
energetic
declines
across
trophic
levels.
In
this
study,
we
coupled
160
above-
belowground
food
webs,
quantifying
energy
fluxes
to
microorganisms
invertebrates
in
a
tree-mycorrhiza
experiment,
test
how
affects
of
above
below
the
ground.
The
experiment
differentiates
three
mycorrhizal
type
treatments:
only
AM
species
(with
arbuscular
mycorrhizae),
EcM
ectomycorrhizae;
one,
two,
four
species),
or
mixtures
both
(AM+EcM;
two
species).
Our
results
indicate
that
most
initially
flowed
through
communities,
with
soil
contributing
97.7%
total
fauna
accounting
for
60.9%
animals.
Consequently,
fueled
surface
(62.3%
predation)
aboveground
(30.5%
predators.
Tree
increased
ecosystem
multifunctionality
(indicated
by
averaged
fluxes)
∼30%
levels
while
it
shifted
webs
from
fast
(such
as
bacterial-dominated)
slow
fungal-dominated)
channels
communities.
primarily
impacted
communities
strengthened
coupling
increasing
importance
prey
predators
at
These
findings
highlight
types
drive
functioning
via
fluxes.
Annals of Botany,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
128(6), С. 767 - 786
Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2021
Many
recent
studies
emphasize
that
mixed
species
is
a
promising
silvicultural
option
for
sustainable
ecosystem
management
under
uncertain
and
risky
future
environmental
conditions.
However,
compared
with
monocultures,
knowledge
of
stands
still
rather
fragmentary.
This
comprehensive
study
analysed
the
most
common
Central
European
tree
combinations
to
determine
extent
which
mono-layered
mixing
(1)
can
increase
stand
productivity
stem
diameter
growth,
(2)
density
or
growth
efficiency,
(3)
reduce
competition
attenuate
relationship
between
mono-specific
stands.The
was
based
on
63
long-term
experimental
plots
in
Germany
repeated
spatially
explicit
inventories.
They
covered
Norway
spruce
(Picea
abies),
silver
fir
(Abies
alba),
Scots
pine
(Pinus
sylvestris),
beech
(Fagus
sylvatica),
sessile
oak
(Quercus
petraea),
ash
(Fraxinus
excelsior)
sycamore
maple
(Acer
pseudoplatanus).
Based
measurement,
we
quantified
each
intra-
inter-specific
neighbourhood,
local
growth.
We
applied
models
analyse
how
neighbourhoods
modify
productivity,
density,
individual
trade-off
productivity.We
found
gains
7-53
%
versus
continuing
over
entire
rotation.
All
mixtures
achieved
3-36
higher
leaf
area
index
until
advanced
age.
Stem
increased
by
up
31
stands.
The
efficiency
higher,
except
beech.
attenuated
mixture.The
mainly
case
spruce/silver
fir/European
oak/European
it
more
efficient
resource
use
given
same
pine/European
ash/sycamore
maple.
In
other
assemblages
combination
increase.
hypothesize
effect
may
be
site-invariant
depends
structural
complementarity.
depend
growth-limiting
factor
remedied
mixture
thus
co-determined
site
For
forest
management,
results
indicate
size
mixing.
examined
this
show
thinning
acceleration
requires
less
reduction
causes
losses
than
monocultures.
discuss
consequences
our
findings
prescriptions
mixed-species
Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
54(1), С. 451 - 474
Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2023
Plants
and
herbivores
are
remarkably
variable
in
space
time,
variability
has
been
considered
a
defining
feature
of
their
interactions.
Empirical
research,
however,
traditionally
focused
on
understanding
differences
means
overlooked
the
theoretically
significant
ecological
evolutionary
roles
itself.
We
review
literature
with
goal
showing
how
variability-explicit
research
expands
our
perspective
plant–herbivore
ecology
evolution.
first
clarify
terminology
for
describing
variation
then
patterns,
causes,
consequences
herbivory
across
scales
space,
biological
organization.
consider
incorporating
improves
existing
hypotheses
leads
to
new
ones.
conclude
by
suggesting
future
work
that
reports
full
distributions,
integrates
effects
scales,
describes
nonlinearities,
considers
stochastic
deterministic
combine
determine
distributions.
Shifting
species
distributions
in
response
to
climate
change
are
leading
community
reassembly
worldwide.
Given
the
importance
of
forests
global
carbon
cycle,
may
have
important
impacts
on
ecological
functioning.
Yet,
how
and
disturbance
jointly
influence
has
yet
be
reconciled.
We
combined
U.S.
Forest
Service
Inventory
Analysis
data
with
a
process-based
model
explore
biodiversity
biomass
Eastern
USA
forests,
which
constitute
>
59%
forest
sink.
Because
regenerating
communities
provide
window
into
future
assemblages,
we
first
examined
changes
seedling
sapling
density
from
2003
2021.
then
investigated
by
quantifying
associations
richness
along
gradients
disturbance.
Finally,
integrated
empirical
results
SORTIE-ND
simulation
models
estimate
quantify
lag
time
between
current
regeneration
gradients.
Though
densities
declined
2021,
disturbed
had
higher
rates
accelerated
reassembly.
Species
warmer
responded
favorably
disturbance,
resulting
proportion
warm-adapted
species.
declining
were
not
sufficient
keep
pace
overstory
mortality,
ultimately
reduced
increasing
severity.
Reassembly
coincided
lower
adult
richness.
These
findings
highlight
that
contributes
resilience
creating
recruitment
opportunities
for
trees,
but
at
cost
productivity.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
122(11)
Опубликована: Март 13, 2025
Mixed-species
plantations
are
increasingly
recognized
for
their
potential
to
maintain
forest
biodiversity
and
soil
health;
however,
a
comprehensive
assessment
of
global
effectiveness
is
lacking.
To
fill
this
knowledge
gap,
we
conducted
meta-analysis
7,045
paired
observations
between
mixed-species
monoculture
plantations,
derived
from
311
studies
across
diverse
ecosystems
worldwide.
Our
results
show
that
significantly
increased
understory
plant
biomass,
cover,
species
richness
by
32.6%,
55.4%,
32.2%,
respectively,
compared
monocultures.
Furthermore,
the
Shannon
Pielou
diversity
indices
28.2%
8.6%,
Simpson
index
9.6%.
When
shrub
herbaceous
were
considered
separately,
mixing
had
positive
effects
on
but
no
effect
diversity.
Moreover,
markedly
improved
physical
chemical
properties
These
improvements
include
increases
in
nutrient
content
(9.6
17.8%)
availability
(14.7
33.5%),
microbial
biomass
(17.2
28.8%),
carbon
sequestration
(7.2
19.9%).
enhancements
particularly
pronounced
included
legumes.
findings
reveal
benefits
influenced
climatic
conditions,
geographic
location,
stand
age,
with
most
substantial
observed
temperate
regions
mature
stands.
This
study
underscores
critical
role
promoting
sustainable
management
mitigating
ecological
limitations
Journal of Ecology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
109(7), С. 2649 - 2661
Опубликована: Май 16, 2021
Abstract
In
recent
decades,
European
temperate
forests
have
repeatedly
suffered
from
severe
droughts.
Drought‐weakened
often
become
more
susceptible
to
pest
outbreaks
such
as
bark
beetle
infestations.
Tree
species
diversity
is
expected
increase
resistance
drought
and
pests,
but
evidence
for
a
positive
tree
effect
on
insect
reduction
largely
circumstantial.
Here
we
tested
the
effects
of
biogeographic
origin
infestation
in
large,
young
experiment,
with
six
broadleaved
conifer
Europe
North
America.
Lower
risk
was
exotic
each
congeneric
pair
(spruce,
larch
pine)
mixtures
higher
richness
broadleaf
proportion.
Following
summer
2018,
trees
were
attacked
by
six‐toothed
spruce
Pityogenes
chalcographus
.
Bark
boreholes
recorded
winter
2018/2019
all
species.
Norway
Picea
abies
Larix
decidua
most
infested
thus
considered
main
hosts
beetle.
For
these
two
species,
probability
decreased
increasing
(although
this
only
significant
).
contrast,
Pinus
,
which
less
overall,
likely
be
plots
high
diversity.
Exotic
tended
infested,
clearest
support
enemy
release
found
at
level
intensity
when
considering
pure
stands.
Overall,
not
strong
position
within
experimental
site,
where
rates
observed
edge
than
centre.
Synthesis
Increasing
may
reduce
genera
prone
(
),
preferred
some
extent
species)
due
spillover
hosts.
mixed
forests,
infestation,
even
relatively
specialized
redistributed
among
rather
reduced
all.
Annual Review of Entomology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
67(1), С. 181 - 199
Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2021
One
promising
approach
to
mitigate
the
negative
impacts
of
insect
pests
in
forests
is
adapt
forestry
practices
create
ecosystems
that
are
more
resistant
and
resilient
biotic
disturbances.
At
stand
scale,
local
management
often
cause
idiosyncratic
effects
on
forest
depending
environmental
context
focal
pest
species.
However,
increasing
tree
diversity
appears
be
a
general
strategy
for
reducing
damage
across
several
types.
landscape
heterogeneity
(e.g.,
intermixing
different
types
and/or
age
classes)
represents
frontier
improving
resistance
resilience
avoiding
large-scale
outbreaks.
In
addition
their
greater
resilience,
heterogeneous
landscapes
frequently
support
wide
range
ecosystem
functions
services.
A
challenge
will
develop
cooperation
coordination
among
multiple
actors
at
spatial
scales
transcend
historical
management.
Basic and Applied Ecology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
58, С. 130 - 138
Опубликована: Дек. 12, 2021
The
natural
enemies
hypothesis
predicts
that
the
abundance
and
diversity
of
antagonists
such
as
predators
parasitoids
herbivores
increases
with
plants,
which
can
lead
to
more
effective
top-down
control
insect
herbivores.
However,
although
has
received
large
support
in
agricultural
systems,
fewer
studies
have
been
conducted
forest
ecosystems
a
comprehensive
synthesis
previous
research
is
still
lacking.
We
meta-analysis
65
publications
comparing
diversity,
or
activity
various
groups
(including
birds,
bats,
spiders
parasitoids)
pure
vs.
mixed
stands.
tested
effects
biome,
enemy
taxon
type
study
(managed
vs
experimental
forest).
found
significant
positive
effect
tree
on
but
not
their
activity.
was
stronger
towards
lower
latitudes
contingent
level.
Overall,
our
contributes
toward
better
understanding
"natural
hypothesis"
systems
provides
new
insights
about
mechanisms
involved.
Furthermore,
we
outline
potential
avenues
for
strengthening
resistance
growing
threat
herbivorous
insects.