The environmental impacts of palm oil in context

Nature Plants, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 6(12), С. 1418 - 1426

Опубликована: Дек. 7, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Outbreaks of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Are Associated With Changes in Forest Cover and Oil Palm Expansion at Global Scale

Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 8

Опубликована: Март 24, 2021

Deforestation is a major cause of biodiversity loss with negative impact on human health. This study explores at global scale whether the and gain forest cover rise oil palm plantations can promote outbreaks vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Taking into account population growth, we find that increases in diseases from 1990 to 2016 are linked deforestation, mostly tropical countries, reforestation, temperate countries. We also associated increase areas plantations. Our gives new support for link between deforestation as well evidences reforestation may contribute epidemics infectious The results discussed light importance forests biodiversity, livelihoods health need urgently build an international governance framework ensure preservation ecosystem services they provide, including regulation develop recommendations scientists, public officers policymakers who should reconcile preserve while taking risks posed by lack or mismanagement forests.

Язык: Английский

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Tree islands enhance biodiversity and functioning in oil palm landscapes

Nature, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 618(7964), С. 316 - 321

Опубликована: Май 24, 2023

Abstract In the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 1 , large knowledge gaps persist how to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in cash crop-dominated tropical landscapes 2 . Here, we present findings from a large-scale, 5-year restoration experiment an oil palm landscape enriched with 52 tree islands, encompassing assessments of ten indicators 19 functioning. Overall, functioning, as well multidiversity multifunctionality, were higher islands compared conventionally managed palm. Larger led larger gains through changes vegetation structure. Furthermore, enrichment did not decrease landscape-scale yield. Our results demonstrate that enriching palm-dominated is promising ecological strategy, yet should replace protection remaining forests.

Язык: Английский

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Europe’s Farm to Fork Strategy and Its Commitment to Biotechnology and Organic Farming: Conflicting or Complementary Goals?

Trends in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 26(6), С. 600 - 606

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2021

Sustainable food systems will require profound changes in people's consumption patterns and lifestyles, which is true regardless of the farming methods used does not change fact that organic often requires more land than conventional for same quantity output.Some features EU contribute to Development Goals (SDGs); other may jeopardize achievement SDGs 2, 13, 15. The negative indirect effects additional land-use outweigh positive direct on global climate biodiversity, so a large-scale switch could possibly turn out be disservice sustainability.Achieving would benefit from inclusion biotech innovations farming.The implementation required law unlikely under current political realities but nevertheless recommended scientific perspective. European Commission's Farm Fork (F2F) strategy, Green Deal, acknowledges innovative techniques, including biotechnology, play role increasing sustainability. At time, promoted, at least 25% EU's agricultural shall by 2030. How can both biotechnology developed promoted simultaneously achieving (SDGs)? We illustrate benefits recent farming. This law. Otherwise, planned increase production F2F strategy result less sustainable, systems. Commission (EC) recently launched its strategy. cornerstone Deal instrumental working toward United Nations (SDGs) [32.European A Strategy Fair, Healthy Environmentally-friendly DG SANTE/Unit 'Food information composition, waste'.2020Google Scholar]. new overall aim SDGs? It common interpretation legal framework regulates many products resulting novel techniques plant breeding as genetically modified (GM) organisms (GMOs), while processing legally exclude use GMOs. Hence, combining these two components appears conflicting challenging, if impossible, even though actually fit together very well permitted (Figure 1). Through few cases, we To make this possible, advocate Implementation such realities. Many national policymakers interest groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), seem prefer coexistence policies whereby modern are strictly separated. Notwithstanding it hard justify strict separation 'organic,' 'conventional,' GMO point view, without change, In order produce or market an product foodstuff product, separating Recital 23 Regulation (EU) 2018/848 stipulates consumers' perception incompatible with As result, according Article 11 2018/848, 'the GMOs prohibited.' precise, 'GMOs, produced GMOs, feed, food, aids, protection products, fertilisers, soil conditioners, reproductive material, micro-organisms animals production.' determine whether used, operators rely their labeling accordance rules combination principle, majority feed 'containing, consisting GMOs' (Article 1829/2003), understood defined Directive 2001/18, labeling. academics stakeholders judgment Confédération paysanne, most technologies, targeted mutagenesis through genome editing, subject regulations [1.Purnhagen K.P. Wesseler J.H.H. regulation technologies possible economic implications beyond.Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy. 2020; (Published online September 28, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13084)Crossref Scopus (15) Google Scholar,2.Purnhagen manage Union's diversity: paysanne others.Common Market Law Rev. 2019; 56: 1379-1396Google Others argue certain applications still excluded postjudgment [3.Vives-Vallés J.A. Collonnier C. CJEU 25 July 2018 mutagenesis: Interpretation interim legislative proposal.Front. Plant Sci. 10: 1813Crossref PubMed (11) Scholar,4.van der Meer P. et al.The status genomic techniques.Eur. J. Risk Regul. 2021; January 6, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.105)Crossref (5) Labeling exemptions apply adventitious technically unavoidable presence traces long they do exceed threshold level 0.9%, 1829/2003. applies have been authorized import processing. For approved, zero tolerance applies, those received risk assessment Food Safety Authority, 0.1% feed. case respective labeled GMO, assume no manufacture purchased [Article 11(3), 2018/848]. 11, only prohibits GMOs.' Arguably, explicitly prohibited. means, example, foods using GM microbes practice considered 'with' Organic beer, bread, cheese allowed enzymes directly yeast bacteria. consumers consuming made technology over 35 years [5.Wesseler Agriculture Bioeconomy - Economics Policies. Wageningen University, 2015https://edepot.wur.nl/384179Google existing leads us assess focus contributes (including commonly such). cause environmental damage agriculture. promotes higher levels agrobiodiversity uses pollutants (e.g., synthetic pesticides inorganic fertilizer) [6.Clark M. Tilman D. Comparative analysis impacts systems, input efficiency, choice.Environ. Res. Lett. 2017; 12: 64016Crossref (431) Scholar], contributing 13 15 While some facets SDGs, aspects where limited extent biotechnological potential serve remedy. Given demand continues rise globally hunger reduction central SDG quantities remain relevant need factored in. disappear when evaluating per kilogram rather hectare taking absolute amounts needed into consideration [7.Tuomisto H.L. al.Does reduce impacts? meta-analysis research.J. Environ. Manag. 2012; 112: 309-320Crossref (460) One organically cultivated produces lower crop yield one conventionally conditions allow effective methods. 'organic' gap vary type several factors; studies suggest magnitude 20–25% experimental up 50% practical [8.Seufert V. Ramankutty N. shades gray context-dependent performance agriculture.Sci. Adv. 3e1602638Crossref (183) Scholar,9.Meemken E.M. Qaim agriculture, security, environment.Annu. Resour. 2018; 39-63Crossref (117) Increasing 7.5%, currently observed EU, total decree might various unintended implications. Effects range mere conversion farmland much loss regions areas low-yield systems) larger losses (in high-yield systems), entailing forests, swamps, natural habitats within elsewhere rising imports [9.Meemken Already today, 7.5% farming, Europe major importer vegetable oil protein palm oil, soy), deforestation Southeast Asia South America [10.Qaim al.Environmental, economic, social consequences boom.Annu. 321-344Crossref (68) More precisely, already about 5 million tons soybeans Brazil 55% soybean,i has linked illegally forested [11.Rajão R. rotten apples Brazil's agribusiness.Science. 369: 246-248Crossref (115) Imports requirements being converted organic. Using threatens biodiversity therefore jeopardizes Also, responsible half Studies predict GHG emissions offset any agriculture [12.Smith L.G. greenhouse gas converting England Wales methods.Nat. Commun. 4641Crossref (73) jeopardizing 13. Reducing meat waste [13.Muller A. al.Strategies feeding world sustainably agriculture.Nat. 8: 1290Crossref (273) Scholar] alter results. output. Beyond gap, there further problems caused Especially potato horticultural production, toxic copper-based widely control fungal diseases [33.European Authority (EFSA) al.Peer review pesticide active substance copper compounds copper(I), copper(II) variants namely hydroxide, oxychloride, tribasic sulfate, copper(I) oxide, Bordeaux mixture.EFSA 16e05152PubMed Furthermore, insect pests controlled broad-spectrum biological insecticides known also harm honeybees nontarget organisms.ii Climate challenge mean temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, frequent weather extremes create stresses plants pest disease pressure dramatic [14.Bebber D.P. spread pathogens.Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2014; 23: 1398-1407Crossref (238) diverse potentially system resilience [15.Serra T. al.Differential uncertainties attitudes between producers: Spanish arable farmers.Agric. 2008; 39: 219-229Crossref However, prohibiting chemical innovations, fewer tools available rapid adaptations, likely avoid shortfalls. significant particular. terms effects, commanded Innovations remedying SDGs. Several goals set improvement development hardier [16.Niggli U. Sustainability production: challenges innovations.Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2015; 74: 83-88Crossref (32) reached efficiently editing related techniques. Biotechnological agriculture's narrowing gap. Recent advances, CRISPR/Cas9 rapidly evolving suite based CRISPR/Cas9, complement classic provide opportunities efficient trait management. Targeted introduction deletions insertions inactivate genes, precise single DNA bases, substitution small fragments [17.Chen K. al.CRISPR/Cas precision agriculture.Annu. Biol. 70: 667-697Crossref (487) facilitates improvement, system. traits inactivation gene, substantiated after advent [18.Zhang Y. al.A CRISPR way accelerating crops.Nat. Food. 1: 200-205Crossref (70) Crop constantly threat pathogens pests, prohibited Pest particularly high tropical favors microorganisms herbivorous insects. According predictions, increase. crop-producing countries expected fully saturated 2050 trends continue Some practices questionable consumer health. Genome approaches impact resistance health externalities; words, achieve easier [19.Niggli (47) An example Mlo confers durable powdery mildew barley. recessive allele mlo loss-of-function variant discovered decades ago landrace barley ever since [20.Kusch S. Panstruga mlo-based resistance: apparently universal 'weapon' defeat disease.Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 30: 179-189Crossref (127) Generating corresponding alleles species wheat, tomato, grape, crops achieves comparable [21.Wang al.Simultaneous three homoeoalleles hexaploid bread wheat heritable mildew.Nat. Biotechnol. 32: 947-951Crossref (1065) Scholar, 22.Pessina al.Knockdown MLO genes reduces susceptibility grapevine.Hortic. 2016; 3: 16016Crossref (90) 23.Pavan ol-2 gene conferring tomato mlo-homologue genetic cytogenetic co-localisation.Euphytica. 162: 91-98Crossref (24) Similarly, bacterial blight rice, important Asian African countries, was successfully engineered bases promoters encoding SWEET proteins [24.Oliva al.Broad-spectrum rice editing.Nat. 37: 1344-1350Crossref (224) pathogen longer activate expression sugar exporters thus lacks extracellular nutrient supply essential virulence. examples exist Scholar,25.Qaim Role security sustainable development.Appl. 42: 129-150Crossref (87) diversity resilient improve quality human diets, 3, (rice, maize) account calories consumed globally. gradual Neolithic revolution 12 000 taken bottleneck. Thanks progress molecular genetics, key alterations resulted dominance number now known. Two dwarfing (known 'Green Revolution genes') involved synthesis signal transduction phytohormone gibberellic acid controlling response day length [26.Eshed Lippman Z.B. Revolutions chart course old crops.Science. 366eaax0025Crossref (103) Systematic generation variation targets enable orphan thereby boost diversity. De novo domestication wild demonstrated [27.Fernie A.R. Yan domestication: alternative route future.Mol. Plant. 615-631Abstract Full Text PDF (151) agronomic quantitative nature (i.e., influenced multiple gene–environment interactions). Combining favorable genotype huge insurmountable alone. close linkage results simultaneous selection neighboring disadvantageous Lr67sus found next RhtD1b semidwarf allele, contributor increases yields past 60 [28.Moore J.W. evolved hexose transporter wheat.Nat. Genet. 47: 1494-1498Crossref (323) With tools, base edits applied break 'linkage drag' combine allele. each particular strength, unleash synergies reap objectives legislation, excludes needs changed. procedure act concerning organics corresponds ordinary procedure, involves Commission, formally proposes measure, Council Parliament. Parliament examine parallel proposal Commission. acts first decides adopt proposal, requests amendments, rejects altogether. After adopted position, Parliament's position. Usually, adopts different opens second reading third reading, represents final stage procedure. proposals tripartite meetings Parliament, 'trialogue' meetings, bring actors agreement. regard governing organics, involvement voting pose obstacles. past, comitology shown qualified member states favor against authorization [29.Smart al.EU states' authorizing crops: regulatory gridlock.German Agric. 64: 244-262Google Scholar,30.Mühlböck Tosun Responsiveness interests: Voting behaviour council Union.J. Common Mark. Stud. 385-402Crossref (25) mirror behavior, initiate calculated Turning because members, resolutions express position organics. These were dismissive varieties. February 16, 2014, resolution maize event 1507 asked 'not propose authorize variety renew ones until significantly improved.'iii Therefore, institutions suggests reject modification laws facilitate policy effectively communicate (i) necessarily fall (ii) all default represent violation principle preserving integrity cell. Promoting allowing fail deliver promise moving realizing synergies, specific strengths law, particular, production. ambition lead developing mitigate adapt change. expand contribution bioeconomy faster capacity provided [31.Zilberman al.Agricultural – what know scientists disagree.Sustainability. 1514Crossref (40) retards address challenge. Improved communication gradually overcome deeply rooted prejudices among wider public (see Outstanding Questions).Outstanding QuestionsHow designed allows harnessing combined biotechnology?How cell?How strategy?Which and/or attainment SDGs?Which help remedy weaknesses respect biotechnology? cell? strategy? Which thank Markus Gierth excellent discussion partner. managed revised manuscript wrote introduction, part, conclusion. M.Q. drafted section innovations. S.C. A.P.M.W. J.T. remedy: All contributed revision drafts. L.F. Non-Executive Director Board Directors Syngenta. authors interests declare. ihttps://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2020/40/soybean-imports-from-brazil-up-by-40-percent iihttps://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklungsperspektiven-der-oekologischen iiiwww.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2014-0036&language=EN&ring=B7-2014-0007#def_1_12

Язык: Английский

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Oleogels—Their Applicability and Methods of Characterization

Molecules, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 26(6), С. 1673 - 1673

Опубликована: Март 17, 2021

Oleogels or, more precisely, non-triglyceride structured lipid phases have been researched excessively in the last decade. Yet, no comprehensive knowledge base has emerged, allowing technology elevation from laboratory bench into industrial food application. That is partly due to insufficient characterization of structuring systems studied. Examining a single composition decided upon by arbitrary methods does not stimulate progress research and area. A framework that gives much better guidance product applications can easily be derived. For example, incremental structure contribution concept advocated as parameter compare potency systems. These straightforwardly determined combining solubility data structural measurements recommended manner. The current method determine oil-binding capacity suffers reproducibility relevance. newly developed suggested overcome these shortcomings. new oleogels should contribute necessary for innovations.

Язык: Английский

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Medium chain triglycerides (MCT): State‐of‐the‐art on chemistry, synthesis, health benefits and applications in food industry

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 21(2), С. 843 - 867

Опубликована: Фев. 18, 2022

Abstract Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) are esters of fatty acids with 6 to 12 carbon atom chains. Naturally, they occur in various sources; their composition and bioactivity source extraction process‐linked. The molecular size MCT oil permits unique metabolic pathways energy production rates, making a high‐value functional food. This review details the common sources oil, presenting critical information on approaches for or synthesis. Apart from conventional techniques, non‐thermal processing methods that show promising prospects analyzed. biological effects summarized, range need‐driven modification elaborated. A section is devoted highlighting recent trends application food, nutraceuticals, allied applications. While much debated about role human health wellness, there limited daily requirements, impact specific population groups, long‐term consumption. Nonetheless, several studies have been conducted continue identify most effective extraction, processing, handling, storage. knowledge gap exists future research must focus technology packages scalability sustainability.

Язык: Английский

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Spatiotemporal pattern of global forest change over the past 60 years and the forest transition theory

Environmental Research Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 17(8), С. 084022 - 084022

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2022

Abstract Forest ecosystems play an indispensable role in addressing various pressing sustainability and social-ecological challenges such as climate change biodiversity loss. However, global forest loss has been, still is today, important issue. Here, based on spatially explicit data, we show that over the past 60 years (1960–2019), area declined by 81.7 million ha (i.e. 10% more than size of entire Borneo island), with (437.3 ha) outweighing gain (355.6 ha). With this decline population increase (4.68 billion) period, per capita decreased 60%, from 1.4 1960 to 0.5 2019. The spatiotemporal pattern supports transition theory, losses occurring primarily lower income countries tropics gains higher extratropics. Furthermore, economic growth a stronger association net Our results highlight need strengthen support given countries, especially tropics, help improve their capacity minimize or end losses. To address displacement nations reduce dependence imported tropical products.

Язык: Английский

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Global impacts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser use for major crops on aquatic biodiversity

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 27(8), С. 1058 - 1080

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2022

Abstract Purpose The intensive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers on agricultural land to fertilise crops has caused eutrophication, the nutrient enrichment waterbodies leading excessive growth algae, deoxygenation loss aquatic biodiversity. Life cycle impact assessments (LCIA) are often used determine environmental impacts fertiliser use. However, lack suitable methodologies estimate fate transport nutrients from soils makes crop regional comparisons challenging. Using a newly devised, spatially explicit model (fate factor, FF) within an LCIA framework, this study estimates global spatial-variability fertilisation their relative biodiversity, specifically species richness. Method devised FFs based IMGE-GNM. FF’s enable us assess N P’s indirect soil emissions (arable land, grassland natural land) freshwater environments. Additionally we improve spatial resolution existing for marine environments basin scale 5 arcmin resolution. We applied our current loading (midpoint indicator) final biodiversity (endpoint 17 crops. Results discussion Our results identify strong variability in inputs, loadings due differences fate, local context. Such is translated into large between popularly use efficiency (NUE) indicator by specific Heavily produced (maize, rice, wheat, sugarcane soybean) with highest rates receptors did not necessarily have impacts. identified rank exists at different metric stages (fertiliser receptor loadings, impacts) wheat sugarcane. showed high significant outside production regions. Conclusion identified, hotspots depend context that exist beyond field (e.g. environments, environment's vulnerability). Aquatic commodities should be considered decision-making strategic pollution control environmentally sustainable crop-commodity trade sourcing. development improved aid site-specific studies soils.

Язык: Английский

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3D printing of fully cellulose-based hydrogels by digital light processing

Sustainable materials and technologies, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 32, С. e00444 - e00444

Опубликована: Май 14, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Review of smallholder palm oil sustainability reveals limited positive impacts and identifies key implementation and knowledge gaps

Land Use Policy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 120, С. 106258 - 106258

Опубликована: Июнь 29, 2022

'Sustainable palm oil' aims to eliminate deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, land conflicts and labour abuses from oil global value chains while maintaining production as a vehicle for development in tropical countries. However, smallholder growers are small minority of those who certified sustainable persistently face multiple socio-economic challenges. We analysed 100 journal articles that address smallholders, issues related sustainability order critically examine the current state evidence upgrading chains. identify focus on certification academic research agenda has left key implementation knowledge gaps meeting smallholders' needs outside framework. An implication this is buyers, policy-makers, consumers do not recognise both challenges advantages small-scale agriculture oil. found standards struggle resolve persistent challenges, such low incomes, yields insecure tenure. Certification appears be flawed method conceptualize measure smallholders. We, therefore, advocate broadening approaches studying production, particularly target immediate concern farmers opposed prioritising productivity. Future should take inspiration diverse established fields defining practices, agroecology or agroforestry.

Язык: Английский

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