Pathogens,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(3), С. 224 - 224
Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2025
Primary
and
post-primary
TB
are
distinct
entities.
occurs
when
the
patient
is
infected
with
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
(MTB)
for
first
time
without
prior
immunity,
has
developed
immunity
against
primary
infection.
Post-primary
only
in
humans.
It
accounts
80%
of
all
clinical
cases
nearly
100%
transmissions
Early
lesions
reversible,
studying
it
using
modern
immunological
tools
holds
key
to
developing
preventive
or
treatment
strategies.
Human
lung
tissue
from
untreated
patients
was
acquired
pathology
archives
stored
at
Gades
Institute
Pathology,
Haukeland
University
Hospital,
Bergen,
Norway,
1931
1947.
Manual
immunohistochemistry
performed
macrophage
(CD68,
CD64
CD163),
T
cells
(CD3
CD8),
matrix
metalloproteinases
(MMP-9),
markers
programmed
death-pathway
PD/PDL-1.
Digital
quantification
Qupath
software.
In
early
TB,
macrophages
showed
mixed-phenotype
M1
M2,
expressed
PDL-1,
were
compartmentalized
alveolar
space.
T-cells
PD-1
interstitial
wall
surrounding
lesions.
MTB
antigens
MMP-9
also
found
As
lesion
progressed
towards
necrosis,
predominant
morphology,
expressions
PD-1,
CD8+
cells,
increased.
compartmentalization
alveoli
interstitium
shown.
The
PDL-PD1
pathway
probably
facilitated
mycobacterial
growth
by
evading
host
immunity.
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
163, С. 114830 - 114830
Опубликована: Май 8, 2023
Recently,
cuproptosis
has
been
demonstrated
to
be
a
new
non-apototic
cell
death
mode
that
is
characterized
by
copper
dependence
and
the
regulation
of
mitochondrial
respiration.
Cuproptosis
distinct
from
known
modes
such
as
apoptosis,
necrosis,
pyroptosis,
or
ferroptosis.
Excessive
induces
promoting
protein
toxic
stress
reactions
via
copper-dependent
anomalous
oligomerization
lipoylation
proteins
in
tricarboxylic
acid
(TCA)
cycle
reducing
iron-sulfur
cluster
levels.
Ferredoxin1
(FDX1)
promotes
dihydrolipoyl
transacetylase
(DLAT)
lipoacylation
abates
Cu2+
Cu+,
inducing
death.
Copper
homeostasis
depends
on
transporter,
disturbances
this
cause
cuproptosis.
Recent
evidence
shown
plays
significant
role
occurrence
development
many
cardiovascular
diseases,
myocardial
ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R)
injury,
heart
failure,
atherosclerosis,
arrhythmias.
chelators,
ammonium
tetrathiomolybdate(VI)
DL-Penicillamine,
may
ease
above
diseases
inhibiting
pathway.
Oxidative
phosphorylation
inhibitors
inhibit
response.
In
conclusion,
an
essential
disease
pathogenesis.
Inhibition
expected
become
potential
treatment.
Here,
we
will
thoroughly
review
molecular
mechanisms
involved
its
significance
disease.
Journal of Inflammation Research,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
Volume 16, С. 1523 - 1532
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2023
Abstract:
PANoptosis
is
a
new
cell
death
proposed
by
Malireddi
et
al
in
2019,
which
characterized
pyroptosis,
apoptosis
and
necroptosis,
but
cannot
be
explained
any
of
them
alone.
The
interaction
between
necroptosis
involved
PANoptosis.
In
this
review,
from
the
perspective
PANoptosis,
we
focus
on
relationship
key
molecules
process
formation
PANoptosome,
as
well
role
diseases.
We
aim
to
understand
mechanism
provide
basis
for
targeted
intervention
PANoptosis-related
treat
human
Keywords:
apoptosis,
Abstract
Programmed
cell
death
(PCD,
mainly
including
apoptosis,
necrosis,
ferroptosis,
pyroptosis,
and
autophagy)
immunogenic
(ICD),
as
important
mechanisms,
are
widely
reported
in
cancer
therapy,
understanding
the
relationship
between
two
is
significant
for
clinical
tumor
treatments.
Considering
that
vast
nanodrugs
developed
to
induce
PCD
ICD
simultaneously,
this
review,
interrelationship
described
using
nanomedicines
examples.
First,
an
overview
of
patterns
focus
on
morphological
differences
interconnections
among
them
provided.
Then
apoptosis
terms
endoplasmic
reticulum
stress
by
introducing
various
treatments
recent
developments
with
inducible
immunogenicity.
Next,
crosstalk
non‐apoptotic
(including
signaling
pathways
introduced
their
through
examples
further
illustrated.
Finally,
its
application
prospects
development
new
nanomaterials
summarized.
This
review
believed
deepen
ICD,
extend
biomedical
applications
nanodrugs,
promote
progress
therapy.
Pathogens,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
12(6), С. 839 - 839
Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2023
(Mtb)
modulates
diverse
cell
death
pathways
to
escape
the
host
immune
responses
and
favor
its
dissemination,
a
complex
process
of
interest
in
pathogenesis-related
studies.
The
main
virulence
factors
Mtb
that
alter
are
classified
according
their
origin
as
either
non-protein
(for
instance,
lipomannan)
or
protein
(such
PE
family
ESX
secretion
system).
38
kDa
lipoprotein,
ESAT-6
(early
antigen-secreted
6
kDa),
another
secreted
protein,
tuberculosis
necrotizing
toxin
(TNT),
induces
necroptosis,
thereby
allowing
mycobacteria
survive
inside
cell.
inhibition
pyroptosis
by
blocking
inflammasome
activation
Zmp1
PknF
is
pathway
aids
intracellular
replication
Mtb.
Autophagy
mechanism
allows
response.
enhanced
survival
(Eis)
other
proteins,
such
ESX-1,
SecA2,
SapM,
PE6,
certain
microRNAs,
also
facilitate
process.
In
summary,
affects
microenvironment
avoid
an
effective
response
spread.
A
thorough
study
these
would
help
identify
therapeutic
targets
prevent
host.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(11), С. 6255 - 6255
Опубликована: Июнь 6, 2024
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
(Mtb)
is
the
causative
agent
of
(TB),
a
prevalent
infectious
disease
affecting
populations
worldwide.
A
classic
trait
TB
pathology
formation
granulomas,
which
wall
off
pathogen,
via
innate
and
adaptive
immune
systems.
Some
key
players
involved
include
tumor
necrosis
factor-alpha
(TNF-α),
foamy
macrophages,
type
I
interferons
(IFNs),
reactive
oxygen
species,
may
also
show
overlap
with
cell
death
pathways.
Additionally,
host
primary
method
for
combating
controlling
Mtb
within
body,
process
influenced
by
both
bacterial
factors.
These
modalities
have
distinct
molecular
mechanisms
Programmed
(PCD),
encompassing
apoptosis
autophagy,
typically
confers
protective
response
against
containing
bacteria
dead
facilitating
their
phagocytosis
uninfected
or
neighboring
cells,
whereas
necrotic
benefits
leading
to
release
extracellularly.
Apoptosis
triggered
intrinsic
extrinsic
caspase-dependent
pathways
as
well
caspase-independent
Necrosis
induced
various
pathways,
including
necroptosis,
pyroptosis,
ferroptosis.
Given
pivotal
role
in
defense
Mtb,
therapeutic
agents
targeting
signaling
been
investigated
treatment.
This
review
provides
an
overview
diverse
underlying
Mtb-induced
death,
examining
implications
immunity.
Furthermore,
it
discusses
potential
preventive
strategies
infection.
Microorganisms,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
13(2), С. 269 - 269
Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2025
Cardiotonic
steroids
modulate
various
aspects
of
the
inflammatory
response.
The
synthetic
cardiotonic
steroid
γ-benzylidene
digoxin
15
(BD-15),
a
derivative,
has
emerged
as
promising
candidate
with
potential
immunomodulatory
effects.
However,
its
biological
activity
remains
largely
unexplored.
This
study
investigated
anti-mycobacterial
and
anti-inflammatory
effects
BD-15
in
an
vitro
macrophage
infection
model
Mycobacterium
spp.
Unlike
digoxin,
which
showed
significant
toxicity
at
higher
concentrations,
exhibited
no
cytotoxicity
RAW
264.7
cells
(a
murine
cell
line).
Both
compounds
were
evaluated
smegmatis-infected
cells,
reducing
bacterial
burden
without
direct
bactericidal
activity.
Additionally,
both
modulated
pro-inflammatory
cytokine
levels,
notably
by
decreasing
tumor
necrosis
factor
alpha
(TNF-α)
interleukin-1
beta
(IL-1β)
levels.
specifically
reduced
NOD-,
LRR-,
pyrin-domain-containing
protein
3
(NLRP3)
inflammasome
expression
increased
interleukin-10
(IL-10)
production.
Notably,
colony-forming
unit
(CFU)
counts
tuberculosis-infected
cells.
Toxicity
assays
HepG2
human
liver
cancer
line)
that
had
minimal
hepatotoxicity
compared
to
demonstrated
negligible
acute
Artemia
salina
bioassay.
These
findings
revealed
highlighted
safer
alternative
for
therapeutic
applications.
