Spine Dynamics: Are They All the Same?

Neuron, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 96(1), С. 43 - 55

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Principles of Neural Design

The MIT Press eBooks, Год журнала: 2015, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Май 22, 2015

Two distinguished neuroscientists distil general principles from more than a century of scientific study, “reverse engineering” the brain to understand its design. Neuroscience research has exploded, with fifty thousand applying increasingly advanced methods. A mountain new facts and mechanisms emerged. And yet principled framework organize this knowledge been missing. In book, Peter Sterling Simon Laughlin, two leading neuroscientists, strive fill gap, outlining set organizing explain whys neural design that allow compute so efficiently. Setting out engineer” brain—disassembling it it—Sterling Laughlin first consider why an animal should need brain, tracing computational abilities bacterium protozoan worm. They examine bigger brains advantages “anticipatory regulation”; identify constraints on “nanofy”; demonstrate routes efficiency in integrated molecular system, phototransduction. show at finer scales lower levels apply larger higher levels; describe wiring efficiency; discuss learning as principle biological includes “save only what is needed.” avoid speculation about how might work endeavor make sense already known. Their distinctive contribution gather coherent basic rules exemplify them across spatial functional scales.

Язык: Английский

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Dendritic Spines in Depression: What We Learned from Animal Models

Neural Plasticity, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 2016, С. 1 - 26

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2016

Depression, a severe psychiatric disorder, has been studied for decades, but the underlying mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Depression is closely associated with alterations in dendritic spine morphology and density. Therefore, understanding spines vital uncovering depression. Several chronic stress models, including restraint (CRS), unpredictable mild (CUMS), social defeat (CSDS), have used to recapitulate depression-like behaviors rodents study mechanisms. In comparison CRS, CUMS overcomes habituation widely model behaviors. CSDS one of most frequently models depression, it limited male mice. Generally, causes atrophy loss neurons hippocampus prefrontal cortex. Meanwhile, amygdala nucleus accumbens exhibit an increase These induced by are often accompanied However, poorly understood. This review summarizes our current stress-induced remodeling hippocampus, cortex, orbitofrontal amygdala, also discusses putative

Язык: Английский

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MMP‐9 in translation: from molecule to brain physiology, pathology, and therapy

Journal of Neurochemistry, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 139(S2), С. 91 - 114

Опубликована: Ноя. 3, 2015

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 ( MMP ‐9) is a member of the metzincin family mostly extracellularly operating proteases. Despite fact that all these enzymes might be target promiscuous, with largely overlapping catalogs potential substrates, ‐9 has recently emerged as major and apparently unique player in brain physiology pathology. The specificity may arise from its very local time‐restricted actions, even when released cells various types, including neurons, glia, leukocytes. In fact, quantity low naive brain, but it markedly activated at levels enzymatic activity, protein abundance, gene expression following physiological stimuli pathological insults. Neuronal participates synaptic plasticity by controlling shape dendritic spines function excitatory synapses, thus playing pivotal role learning, memory, cortical plasticity. When improperly unleashed, contributes to large variety disorders, epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, injury, stroke, neurodegeneration, pain, tumors, etc. foremost mechanism action disorders appears involvement immune/inflammation responses are related enzyme's ability process activate cytokines chemokines, well contribution blood–brain barrier disruption, facilitating extravasation leukocytes into parenchyma. However, another emerging possibility (i.e., control over plasticity) should not neglected. translational already been recognized both diagnosis treatment domains. most striking aspect discovery up‐regulation mouse model Fragile X syndrome, quickly followed human studies promising clinical trials have sought inhibit ‐9. With regard diagnosis, suggestions made use alone or combined tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase‐1 brain‐derived neurotrophic factor disease biomarkers. image ‐9, through cleavage specific proteins, plays neuroinflammation, those virtues host neurological psychiatric disorders. This article part 60th Anniversary special issue .

Язык: Английский

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The role of sleep in regulating structural plasticity and synaptic strength: Implications for memory and cognitive function

Sleep Medicine Reviews, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 39, С. 3 - 11

Опубликована: Май 18, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Dendrite and spine modifications in autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders in patients and animal models

Developmental Neurobiology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 77(4), С. 393 - 404

Опубликована: Июль 8, 2016

Dendrites and spines are the main neuronal structures receiving input from other neurons glial cells. Dendritic spine number, size, morphology some of crucial factors determining how signals coming individual synapses integrated. Much remains to be understood about characteristics dendrites dendritic in autism related disorders. Although there have been many studies conducted using mouse models, few carried out postmortem human tissue patients. Available animal models include those generated through genetic modifications non-genetic disease. Here, we review dendrite number is affected neurodevelopmental diseases, both human, autism. Overall, data obtained point a generalized reduction size as well an alteration dendrites; increase densities with immature morphology, indicating general immaturity state Additional on needed understand properties these cerebral cortex patients © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419-437, 2017.

Язык: Английский

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Subcellular Localization of K+ Channels in Mammalian Brain Neurons: Remarkable Precision in the Midst of Extraordinary Complexity

Neuron, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 85(2), С. 238 - 256

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2015

Язык: Английский

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Dendritic spines: Revisiting the physiological role

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 92, С. 161 - 193

Опубликована: Янв. 15, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Anatomy and physiology of the thick-tufted layer 5 pyramidal neuron

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 9

Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2015

The thick-tufted layer 5 (TTL5) pyramidal neuron is one of the most extensively studied types in mammalian neocortex and has become a benchmark for understanding information processing excitatory neurons. By virtue having widest local axonal dendritic arborization, TTL5 encompasses various neocortical neurons thereby defines dimensions microcircuitry. integrates input across all layers principal output pathway funneling flow to subcortical structures. Several studies over past decades have investigated anatomy, physiology, synaptology, pathophysiology neuron. This review summarizes key discoveries identifies potential avenues research facilitate an integrated unifying on role central neocortex.

Язык: Английский

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MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 76(16), С. 3207 - 3228

Опубликована: Июнь 6, 2019

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of over twenty proteases, operating chiefly extracellularly to cleave components the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules as well cytokines and growth factors. By virtue their expression activity patterns in animal models clinical investigations, functional studies with gene knockouts enzyme inhibitors, MMPs have been demonstrated play paramount role many physiological pathological processes brain. In particular, they shown influence learning memory processes, major neuropsychiatric disorders such schizophrenia, various kinds addiction, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, depression. A possible link connecting all those conditions is either or aberrant synaptic plasticity where some MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, contribute structural reorganization excitatory synapses that located on dendritic spines. Another common theme linking aforementioned neuroinflammation also be important mediators immune responses.

Язык: Английский

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