Surrogate markers of insulin resistance: A review

World Journal of Diabetes, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 1(2), С. 36 - 36

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2010

Insulin resistance is a hallmark of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, leads to many the abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome.Our understanding insulin has improved tremendously over years, but certain aspects its estimation still remain elusive researchers clinicians.The quantitative assessment sensitivity not routinely used during biochemical investigations for diagnostic purposes, em erging importance led wider application research studies.Evaluation number clinical states where compromised calls resistance.Insulin increasingly being assessed in various disease conditions it aids examining their pathogenesis, etiology consequences.The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp gold standard method determination sensitivity, impractical as labor timeintensive.A surrogate indices have therefore been employed simplify improve resistance.The object this review highlight methodologies current upcoming measures sensitivity/resistance.Indepth knowledge these markers will help better exploitation condition.

Язык: Английский

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CD36, a scavenger receptor implicated in atherosclerosis

Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 46(6), С. e99 - e99

Опубликована: Июнь 6, 2014

CD36 is a membrane glycoprotein that present on various types of cells, including monocytes, macrophages, microvascular endothelial adipocytes and platelets. Macrophage participates in atherosclerotic arterial lesion formation through its interaction with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which triggers signaling cascades for inflammatory responses. functions oxLDL uptake foam cell formation, the initial critical stage atherosclerosis. In addition, via inhibits macrophage migration, may be macrophage-trapping mechanism lesions. The role was examined vitro studies vivo experiments, investigated atherosclerosis revealed deficiency reduces formation. Platelet also promotes processes involved thrombus after plaque rupture. Because an essential component atherosclerosis, defining function corresponding pathway lead to new treatment strategy CD36, protein found surface immune cells blood vessel key Young Mi Park from Ewha Womans University School Medicine Seoul, South Korea, reviews how macrophages binds form ‘bad’ cholesterol called lipoprotein. This binding series reactions leads inflammation fat-laden plaque-build up inner lining vessels. platelets responses clots plaques argues better understanding could treatments condition commonly associated increased risk heart attack stroke.

Язык: Английский

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Macrophage‐mediated cholesterol handling in atherosclerosis

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 20(1), С. 17 - 28

Опубликована: Окт. 23, 2015

Abstract Formation of foam cells is a hallmark at the initial stages atherosclerosis. Monocytes attracted by pro‐inflammatory stimuli attach to inflamed vascular endothelium and penetrate arterial intima where they differentiate macrophages. Intimal macrophages phagocytize oxidized low‐density lipoproteins (ox LDL ). Several scavenger receptors ( SR ), including CD 36, ‐A1 lectin‐like ox receptor‐1 LOX ‐1), mediate uptake. In late endosomes/lysosomes macrophages, are catabolysed. Lysosomal acid lipase LAL ) hydrolyses cholesterol esters that enriched in free fatty acids. endoplasmic reticulum ER acyl coenzyme A: acyltransferase‐1 ACAT 1) turn catalyses esterification store as lipid droplets Neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolases nCEH NCEH 1 involved secondary hydrolysis liberate could be then out‐flowed from ATP ‐binding cassette ABC transporters ABCA ABCG ‐ BI . atherosclerosis, disruption homoeostasis leads accumulation formation cells.

Язык: Английский

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Understanding lipotoxicity in NAFLD pathogenesis: is CD36 a key driver?

Cell Death and Disease, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 11(9)

Опубликована: Сен. 25, 2020

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic worldwide. NAFLD stages range from simple steatosis (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which can progress cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. One crucial events clearly involved in progression lipotoxicity resulting an excessive acid (FFA) influx hepatocytes. Hepatic occurs when capacity hepatocyte manage export FFAs as triglycerides (TGs) overwhelmed. This review provides succinct insights into molecular mechanisms responsible for NAFLD, including ER oxidative stress, autophagy, lipoapotosis inflammation. In addition, we highlight role CD36/FAT translocase pathogenesis. Up-to-date, it well known that CD36 increases FFA uptake and, liver, drives hepatosteatosis onset might contribute its NASH. Clinical studies have reinforced significance by showing increased content patients. Interestingly, circulating levels a soluble form (sCD36) are abnormally elevated patients positively correlate with histological grade hepatic steatosis. fact, induction translocation plasma membrane hepatocytes may be determining factor physiopathology Given all these data, targeting or some functional regulators promising therapeutic approach prevention treatment NAFLD.

Язык: Английский

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CD36 and macrophages in atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular Research, Год журнала: 2007, Номер 75(3), С. 468 - 477

Опубликована: Март 15, 2007

CD36 is a multi-ligand scavenger receptor present on the surface of number cells such as platelets, monocytes/macrophages, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Monocyte/macrophage has been shown to play critical role in development atherosclerotic lesions by its capacity bind endocytose oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL), it implicated formation foam However, significance atherosclerosis recently called into question different studies, therefore exact still needs be clarified. The aim this article carefully review importance an essential component pathogenesis atherosclerosis.

Язык: Английский

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CD36, a signaling receptor and fatty acid transporter that regulates immune cell metabolism and fate

The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 219(6)

Опубликована: Апрель 19, 2022

CD36 is a type 2 cell surface scavenger receptor widely expressed in many immune and non-immune cells. It functions as both signaling responding to DAMPs PAMPs, well long chain free fatty acid transporter. Recent studies have indicated that can integrate metabolic pathways through its dual thereby influence differentiation activation, ultimately help determine fate. Its expression along with innate adaptive cells contribute pathogenesis of common diseases, including atherosclerosis tumor progression, which makes downstream effectors potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively examines the variety cells, especially macrophages T We also briefly discuss function such adipocytes platelets, impact system via intercellular communication. Finally, outstanding questions this field are provided for directions future studies.

Язык: Английский

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CD36 in chronic kidney disease: novel insights and therapeutic opportunities

Nature Reviews Nephrology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 13(12), С. 769 - 781

Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Cinnamon: Potential Role in the Prevention of Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 4(3), С. 685 - 693

Опубликована: Май 1, 2010

Metabolic syndrome is associated with insulin resistance, elevated glucose and lipids, inflammation, decreased antioxidant activity, increased weight gain, glycation of proteins. Cinnamon has been shown to improve all these variables in vitro, animal, and/or human studies. In addition, cinnamon alleviate factors Alzheimer's disease by blocking reversing tau formation vitro ischemic stroke cell swelling. studies also show that components control angiogenesis the proliferation cancer cells. Human involving subjects metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary beneficial effects whole aqueous extracts on glucose, insulin, sensitivity, status, blood pressure, lean body mass, gastric emptying. However, not have positive cinnamon, amount as well drugs are taking, likely affect response cinnamon. summary, may be important alleviation prevention signs symptoms diabetes, cardiovascular related diseases.

Язык: Английский

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An update on the pathogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism in hirsutism and polycystic ovary syndrome

Gynecological Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 26(4), С. 281 - 296

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2010

Hirsutism is a common endocrine disorder, defined as increased growth of terminal hairs in male pattern. most often caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), whereas only 5% patients are diagnosed with rare diseases. PCOS may be considered multiorgan disease causing not adrenal and ovarian sex hormone secretion but also changed gonadotrophins, hormone, adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) from the pituitary. The majority insulin resistant characterized an inflammatory state abdominal obesity interleukins, chemokines, adipokines. therefore associated risk metabolic type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients hirsutism present bone mineral density despite decreased D-vitamin levels. etiology to likely multifactorial including both genetic environmental factors such fetal stress intrauterine retardation. In review, we give comprehensive overview pathophysiology multiple disturbances PCOS.

Язык: Английский

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Common CD36 SNPs reduce protein expression and may contribute to a protective atherogenic profile

Human Molecular Genetics, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 20(1), С. 193 - 201

Опубликована: Окт. 8, 2010

Membrane CD36 functions in the uptake of fatty acids (FAs), oxidized lipoproteins and signal transduction after binding these ligands. In rodents, is implicated abnormal lipid metabolism, inflammation atherosclerosis. humans, variants have been identified to influence free FA high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels associate with risk metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease stroke. this study, 15 common lipid-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evaluated for impact on monocyte expression (protein transcript) 104 African Americans. a subset subjects, SNPs tested association surface (n = 65) platelet total 57). The relationship between serum HDL very low-density (VLDLs) was also examined. After permutation-based correction multiple tests, four (rs1761667, rs3211909, rs3211913, rs3211938) influenced protein two (rs3211909, CD36. effect HDL-associated inversely related potential causality supported by Mendelian randomization analysis. Consistent this, negatively correlated subfractions. contrast, positive correlations documented VLDL lipid, particle number apolipoprotein B. conclusion, that reduce appear promote protective profile. study may predictive susceptibility Further studies are warranted validate determine whether findings population specific.

Язык: Английский

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