Disentangling Some Conceptual Knots
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
35(3), С. 391 - 395
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023
I
am
grateful
for
all
the
commentators
engaging
with
ideas
of
target
article,
and
offering
comments
critiques
to
some
The
Entangled
Brain's
central
elements
(Pessoa,
2022,
2023).
learned
quite
a
bit
appreciate
their
contributions
dialogue
about
how
we
might
best
study
brain.Several
shared
my
views
in
fact
captured
related
persuasively.
For
example,
Hayden
(2023)
writes
incisively
problems
arealization
hypothesis,
namely,
idea
that
area
borders
are
most
important
principle
functional
organization.
Uddin
even
suggests
localization-based
accounts
brain
function
have
largely
gone
out
style.
That
is
certainly
not
reading
current
state
literature
and,
likelihood,
notion
by
contributing
this
Special
Focus
who
found
framework
(Boone,
Van
Rooy,
&
De
Brigard,
2023;
Krakauer,
Knutson
Srirangarajan,
Wyble,
(2023),
then,
questions
include
"What
constitutes
network?"
"How
many
networks
exist?".
Sadaghiani
Alderson
discuss
contextual
dependence
networks/circuits
both
one
challenging
needs
be
addressed.
Both
Druckmann
Rust
Jennings
applaud
aspects
proposal,
but
voice
concerns,
too.
propose
experiments
specific
areas
can
productive,
especially
when
accompanied
careful
behavioral
observations.
hints
at
preference
consider
processes
on
spectrum,
such
as
perception
action,
ultimately
separable,
view
clearly
"not
entangled."In
what
follows,
will
briefly
try
address
concerns
raised.
At
outset,
should
explicitly
apologize
very
selective
references
recent
work.
topics
below
spans
decades
includes
Nobel
prizes
(Ylia
Prigogine
Giorgio
Parisi).
focus
few
studies
emphasize
or
ongoing
work,
keep
response
focused.Here,
would
like
key
challenge
often
goes
unacknowledged
neuroscientists
tend
areas—the
"arealists"
puts
it—as
natural
unit
investigation:
What
exactly
an
area?The
challenges
adequately
defining
"area"
formidable
enough
arealists
recently
stated
"[d]espite
centuries
brain–behavior
relationships,
clear
formalization
regions…is
lacking"
(Genon,
Reid,
Langner,
Amunts,
Eickhoff,
2018,
p.
362).
In
fact,
these
authors
goal
article
"lift
conceptual
fog
has
clouded
structure-function
relationships
brain"
(p.
350).
Following
Brodmann,
they
"the
priori
defined
construct
region
unknowns
functions
associated
it"
other
words,
criteria
structural
(e.g.,
cytoarchitectonic).
Yet,
it
far
from
Genon
colleagues'
contribution
able
fog."To
still
area,
let
us
perhaps
quintessential
outside
sensorimotor
cortex:
Broca's
which
closely
Brodmann's
44
45
linked
speech
processing
since
classic
description
patient
Leborgne
("Tan")
Paul
Broca.
Despite
more
than
150
years
research,
there
no
definitive
basis
define
multiple
definitions
coexist
(Keller,
Crow,
Foundas,
Roberts,
2009).
A
Amunts
collaborators
suggested
subdivided
into
dozen
subareas
(Amunts
et
al.,
2010),
including
subdivisions
45,
well
small
depth
inferior
frontal
sulcus,
operculum,
transition
premotor
cortex
(area
6).Because
cortical
territories
involved
language
nonlanguage
functions,
Zilles
(2012)
concluded
robust
unambiguously.
More
recently,
Fedorenko
Blank
(2020)
argued
hypotheses
concerning
cannot
properly
evaluated
because
consists
functionally
distinct
components.
them,
functionally,
direct
opposition
call
colleagues
(2018)
structure
feature
(although
latter
also
believe
"core"
function,
if
only
discover
it).
To
add
difficulties
concept,
considerable
evidence
large-scale
gradients
organization
gene
expression
patterns,
anatomical
connectivity)
organizational
principles
human
(Huntenburg,
Bazin,
Margulies,
2018),
thus
making
determination
clear-cut
problematic.The
situation
daunting
subcortically.
Research
past
decade
so
revealed
subcortex
classical
contain
neuronal
populations
via
chemical
and/or
genetic
properties.
These
used
micro-circuits
support
cell-type-specific
manner.
amygdala
contains
different
subpopulations
neurons,
optogentically
silencing
them
impairs
fear
extinction
(Whittle
2021).
Thus,
working
microcircuits
understanding
mechanisms
fails
(i.e.,
unlearned).
Whereas
concept
circuits
involving
does
itself
pose
problem
arealists,
reveals
yet
another
level
considered
unraveling
putative
process
areas.In
summary,
face
establishing
stable
understand
parcellate
brain.
This
say
obstacles
insurmountable,
show
settled.In
forms
emergence
discussed
terms
interactional
complexity
illustrated
Type
II
networks.
complementary
way
illustrate
points
distributed
across
(potentially
large)
sets
regions.In
computational
study,
Mejias
Wang
(2022)
simulated
activity
30
four
lobes.
Interareal
connectivity
was
based
quantitative
data
tract-tracing
macaque
Parameters
regulating
dynamics
individual
were
did
generate
sustained
themselves
(this
consistent
empirical
mouse,
thalamic
input
required
produce
activity;
Guo
2017).
Nevertheless,
after
(simulated)
stimulus
withdrawal,
persisted
frontal,
temporal,
parietal
lobes
manner
agreed
data.
further
interactions
activity,
induced
lesions.
Inactivating
had
limited
impact
number
regions
exhibiting
activity.
However,
large
virtual
lesions
temporal
areas.
particularly
well-connected,
been
proposed
part
"connectivity
core"
analysis
(Markov
2013).Overall,
model
shows
arise
result
multi-area
interactions.
simple
example
property—sustained
activity—that
novel
respect
alone.
Multi-area
models
provide
powerful
ways
experimental
predictions.
displaying
silenced,
levels
decrease
(roughly,
results
"mutual
support"
between
areas).
Empirical
failure
predictions
alternative
implementation
memory
area-specific.
all,
proposal
proposals
single-area
operate,
subject
potential
falsification
Popperian
fashion.
Such
are,
exercise
"seduction
pure
philosophical
speculation,"
Srirangarajan
(2023).To
high
degree
brain,
describes
extinction.
suggest
understood
network
rich,
bidirectional
it.
point
being
made
basolateral
amygdala,
say,
sudden
entirely
differently
manner,
presumed
"shapeshifting"
property
Krakauer
alludes
to.
Instead,
hypothesis
overall
context
learning
versus
engaged
supporting
extinction.Finally,
mean
do
instantiate
functions?
then?
argument
constraints
system-level
arises
under
circumstances
(Bishop,
Silberstein,
Pexton,
2022;
Raja
Anderson,
2021;
Juarrero,
1999).
Consider
previously.
physiological
properties
parietal,
easily
exhibit
"working
memory,"
although,
right
conditions,
property.
Individually,
productive
think
connections
providing
system:
system-wide
(such
persistent
others)
determined
particular
system.How
researchers
proceed?
From
standpoint
studying
tasks
building
Passingham,
Stephan,
Kötter
(2002),
multivariate
fingerprints
useful
summaries
evoked
responses
states
2017;
Figure
1A).
type
summary
potentially
rich
immediately
shifts
thinking
"this
computes
X"
participates
processes."
By
tasks/conditions
determining
relative
commonality
engagement
regions,
test
extent
instantiated
areas,
showing
RA
RB
participate
together
(Figure
1B).
As
additional
recommendation,
generated
characterizing
(multiple)
interest
summarized
diversity
profile
(Anderson,
Kinnison,
Pessoa,
2013;
1C).
case
involve
arousal,
vigilance,
novelty,
attention,
value
determination,
decision
making,
among
others.Boone
Wyble
express
concern
lack
compositionality
Brain
framework.
compares
organs
heart
liver),
whereas
words.
states,
"language
compositional,
meaning
sentence
strongly
(though
completely)
words
combined,
using
rules
syntax
semantics
words."Compositionality
system
combined.
language,
semantic
operating,
combine
exceedingly
ways.
power,
form
misses
complex,
nonlinear
dynamical
systems
decades.
phenomena
bifurcations,
static
dynamic
attractors,
self-organization,
give
rise
wide
range
behaviors
(Strogatz,
2018).
Nonlinear
sensitivity
initial
differences
lead
vastly
outcomes
over
time
(as
so-called
chaotic
systems).
is,
system,
isolatable
invariant
word
(even
role
pragmatics,
intentions
speaker,
important).
version
may
prove
satisfactory
explaining
supports
(some)
behavior
mental
leaves
possibility
richer
scenarios.
historically,
emphasized
profitably
viewed
complex
(Grossberg,
2021).Given
limitations
recordings,
observed
examples
pattern
generators,
cells
locale
brain;
detailed
review,
see
Khona
Fiete
(2022).
growing
body
work
nature
makes
close
contact
data,
visual
awareness
making.
van
Vugt
threshold
conscious
report
stimulus.
Stimuli
reported
animals
strong
cortex,
weaker
quickly
decayed
unreported
stimuli.
explained
feedforward
feedback
pFC
(van
Critically,
displayed
emergent
localizeable
any
node.
described
simulate
awareness-related
simulations
Wang,
magnitude
V1
reflect
stimuli
varying
physical
contrast.
Importantly,
graded
strength,
all-or-none
pFC.
addition,
evolution
signature
onset
"ignition"
paralleled
EEG
auditory
detection
experiment
(Sergent
According
(2022,
550),
"[t]he
global
ignition
phenomenon
access
consciousness
represents
variety
now
rigorously
studied
experimentally
theoretically."To
conclude,
final
point,
status
traditional
labels
constructs
psychology,
standard
domains
"perception,"
"cognition,"
"emotion").
Skimming
through
neuroscience
textbooks,
chapters
perception,
memory,
learning,
motor
control,
executive
emotion,
on.
Brain,
need
dissolve
boundaries
domains,
forcefully
common
psychological
Medina,
Desfilis,
2022).
So,
organize
textbooks?A
fruitful
approach
adopted
Striedter's
(2016)
Neurobiology:
Functional
Approach.
book
focuses
brains
help
solve,
emphasis
neural
systems,
highlighting
evolutionary
considerations.
chapter
"Remembering
Relationships,"
sections
cover
memories
stronger
others,
learn
dangerous,
happens
conflict
each
habit
episodic
ones).I
targeting
solve
holds
great
promise.
"Selecting
information
world."
benefit
strategy
selection
applied
cognition,
emotion.
Doing
allows
conceptualize
underlying
inherently
cutting
domains.
Complex,
naturalistic
offer
material,
threat
assessment
(Pessoa
2022).If
adopted,
could
substantially
diverse
textbooks.
problem,
however,
unique
decomposition
mind.
offers
better
nervous
states.
too
long,
our
discipline
independence
separation.
It
adopt
emphasizes
interaction
integration
advance
entangled
brain.The
author
National
Institute
Mental
Health
(MH071589
MH112517)
Brad
Postle
constructive
feedback.Reprint
requests
sent
Luiz
University
Maryland
College
Park,
1147
Biology-Psychology
Bldg.,
MD
20742-5031,
e-mail:
[email protected]
(https://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000025),
grant
numbers:
MH071589,
MH112517).Retrospective
citations
every
published
journal
2010
2021
gender
imbalance:
Although
proportions
authorship
teams
(categorized
estimated
identification
first
author/last
author)
publishing
Journal
Cognitive
Neuroscience
(JoCN)
during
period
M(an)/M
=
.407,
W(oman)/M
.32,
M/W
.115,
W/W
.159,
comparable
articles
cited
M/M
.549,
W/M
.257,
.109,
.085
(Postle
Fulvio,
JoCN,
34:1,
pp.
1–3).
Consequently,
JoCN
encourages
balance
selecting
cite
gives
opportunity
article's
citation
balance.
Язык: Английский
A new ontology for numerical cognition: Integrating evolutionary, embodied, and data informatics approaches
Acta Psychologica,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
249, С. 104416 - 104416
Опубликована: Авг. 8, 2024
Numerical
cognition
is
a
field
that
investigates
the
sociocultural,
developmental,
cognitive,
and
biological
aspects
of
mathematical
abilities.
Recent
findings
in
cognitive
neuroscience
suggest
skills
are
facilitated
by
distributed,
transient,
dynamic
networks
brain,
rather
than
isolated
functional
modules.
Further,
research
on
bodily
evolutionary
bases
reveals
our
harness
capacities
originally
evolved
for
action
best
understood
conjunction
with
perceptuomotor
capacities.
Despite
these
insights,
neural
models
numerical
struggle
to
capture
relation
between
systems.
One
front
addressing
this
issue
identify
building
block
sensorimotor
processes
(BBPs)
brain
support
develop
new
ontology
connecting
system
cognition.
BBPs
here
identified
as
functions,
associated
distributed
consistently
supporting
different
can
be
approaches
neuroimaging;
examining
an
array
tasks
experimental
designs,
employing
data-driven
informatics
processes,
interpreting
results
considering
foundations
New
empirical
insights
eventually
lead
revamped
embodied
Among
other
skills,
magnitude
processing
its
origins
discussed
substantiate
arguments
presented.
Additionally,
fMRI
study
design
provided
illustrate
application
presented
research.
Язык: Английский