Frontiers in Neurology,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
10
Опубликована: Май 22, 2019
Background:
Retinal
photoreceptors
provide
the
main
stage
in
mammalian
eye
for
regulating
retinal
illumination
through
changes
pupil
diameter,
with
a
small
population
of
melanopsin-expressing
intrinsically
photosensitive
ganglion
cells
(ipRGCs)
forming
primary
afferent
pathway
this
response.
The
purpose
study
is
to
determine
how
melanopsin
interacts
three
cone
photoreceptor
classes
human
modulate
light-adapted
Methods:
We
investigated
independent
and
combined
contributions
inner
outer
inputs
participants
trichromatic
colour
vision
using
method
independently
control
excitations
ipRGCs,
cones
rods
retina.
Results:
show
that
melanopsin-directed
stimuli
cause
transient
constriction
generated
by
shadow
blood
vessels;
desensitising
these
penumbral
signals
uncovers
signature
response
includes
longer
latency
slower
velocity
than
cone-directed
stimuli,
which
remains
sustained
post-stimulus
offset.
Compared
melanopsin-mediated
responses,
photoreceptor-initiated
responses
are
more
faster
latencies,
higher
velocities
secondary
at
light
reveal
additive
signals.
Conclusions:
visual
system
uses
L-,
M,
S-cone
accomplish
tonic
modulations
size
image
contrast.
ipRGCs
mediate
longer-term,
set
diameter
during
extended
exposures.
Diagnostics,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
8(1), С. 19 - 19
Опубликована: Март 13, 2018
The
pupillary
light
reflex
(PLR)
describes
the
constriction
and
subsequent
dilation
of
pupil
in
response
to
as
a
result
antagonistic
actions
iris
sphincter
dilator
muscles.
Since
these
muscles
are
innervated
by
parasympathetic
sympathetic
nervous
systems,
respectively,
different
parameters
PLR
can
be
used
indicators
for
either
or
modulation.
Thus,
provides
an
important
metric
autonomic
system
function
that
has
been
exploited
wide
range
clinical
applications.
Measurement
using
dynamic
pupillometry
is
now
established
quantitative,
non-invasive
tool
assessment
traumatic
head
injuries.
This
review
examines
more
recent
application
diagnostic
conditions,
varying
from
neurodegenerative
disease
exposure
toxic
chemicals,
well
its
potential
diagnosis
infectious
disease.
Frontiers in Neurology,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
10
Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2019
The
number
of
research
groups
studying
the
pupil
is
increasing,
as
publications.
Consequently,
new
standards
in
pupillography
are
needed
to
formalize
methodology
including
recording
conditions,
stimulus
characteristics,
well
suitable
parameters
evaluation.
Since
description
intrinsically
photosensitive
retinal
ganglion
cells
(ipRGCs)
there
has
been
an
increased
interest
and
broader
application
ophthalmology
other
fields
psychology
chronobiology.
Colour
plays
important
role
not
only
but
also
clinical
observational
therapy
studies
like
gene
hereditary
degenerations
psychopathology.
Stimuli
can
vary
size,
brightness,
duration,
wavelength.
Stimulus
paradigms
determine
whether
rhodopsin-driven
rod
responses,
opsin-driven
cone
or
melanopsin-driven
ipRGC
responses
primarily
elicited.
Background
illumination,
adaptation
state,
instruction
for
participants
will
furthermore
influence
results.
This
standard
recommends
a
minimum
set
variables
be
used
specified
publication
methodologies.
Initiated
at
32nd
International
Pupil
Colloquium
2017
Morges,
Switzerland,
aim
this
manuscript
outline
based
on
current
knowledge
experience
experts
order
achieve
greater
comparability
pupillographic
studies.
Such
particularly
facilitate
proper
by
researchers
field.
First
we
describe
general
standards,
followed
specific
suggestions
concerning
demands
different
targets
research:
afferent
efferent
reflex
arc,
pharmacology,
psychology,
sleepiness-related
animal
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
30, С. 67 - 72
Опубликована: Июль 27, 2019
Melanopsin
is
a
short-wavelength-sensitive
photopigment
that
was
discovered
only
around
20
years
ago.
It
expressed
in
the
cell
bodies
and
processes
of
subset
retinal
ganglion
cells
retina
(the
intrinsically
photosensitive
cells;
ipRGCs),
thereby
allowing
them
to
signal
light
even
absence
cone
rod
input.
Many
fundamental
properties
melanopsin
signalling
humans
for
both
visual
(e.g.
detection,
discrimination,
brightness
estimation)
non-visual
function
melatonin
suppression,
circadian
phase
shifting)
remain
be
elucidated.
Here,
we
give
an
overview
what
know
about
contributions
function.
Abstract
The
visual
consequences
of
melanopsin
photoreception
in
humans
are
not
well
understood.
Here
we
studied
using
a
technique
photoreceptor
silent
substitution
with
five
calibrated
spectral
lights
after
minimising
the
effects
individual
differences
optical
pre-receptoral
filtering
and
desensitising
penumbral
cones
shadow
retinal
blood
vessels.
We
demonstrate
that
putative
melanopsin-mediated
image-forming
vision
corresponds
to
an
opponent
S-OFF
L
+
M-ON
response
property,
average
temporal
resolution
up
approximately
5
Hz,
>10x
higher
thresholds
than
red-green
colour
vision.
With
capacity
for
signalling
integrating
slowly
changing
lights,
melanopsin-expressing
intrinsically
photosensitive
ganglion
cells
maybe
fifth
type
peripheral
Journal of the Optical Society of America A,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
35(4), С. B19 - B19
Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2018
We
determined
the
contributions
of
cone
and
melanopsin
luminance
signaling
to
human
brightness
perception.
The
absolute
four
narrowband
primary
lights
presented
in
a
full-field
Ganzfeld
was
estimated
two
conditions,
either
luminance-equated
(186.7−1,867.0
cd·m−2)
or
(31.6−316.3
cd·m−2).
show
that
estimations
for
each
light
follow
an
approximately
linear
increase
with
increasing
(in
log
units),
but
are
not
equivalent
equated
luminance.
Instead,
result
from
combined
interaction
between
signaling.
Analytical
modeling
wavelength-dependent
coefficients
signifies
positively
correlates
magnitudes,
has
contribution
components,
one
is
additive
second
negative,
implying
adaptation
process.
These
results
provide
new
framework
evaluating
physiological
basis
perception
have
direct
practical
applications
development
energy-efficient
sources.
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
10(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 5, 2020
The
regular
rise
and
fall
of
the
sun
resulted
in
development
24-h
rhythms
virtually
all
organisms.
In
an
evolutionary
heartbeat,
humans
have
taken
control
their
light
environment
with
electric
light.
Humans
are
highly
sensitive
to
light,
yet
most
people
now
use
until
bedtime.
We
evaluated
impact
modern
home
lighting
environments
relation
sleep
individual-level
sensitivity
using
a
new
wearable
spectrophotometer.
found
that
nearly
half
homes
had
bright
enough
suppress
melatonin
by
50%,
but
wide
range
individual
responses
(0-87%
suppression
for
average
home).
Greater
evening
relative
individual's
was
associated
increased
wakefulness
after
Homes
energy-efficient
lights
double
melanopic
illuminance
incandescent
lighting.
These
findings
demonstrate
significantly
affects
circadian
system,
specific
is
unpredictable.
A
variety
of
psychological
and
physical
phenomena
elicit
variations
in
the
diameter
pupil
eye.
Changes
size
are
mediated
by
relative
activation
sphincter
pupillae
muscle
(decrease
diameter)
dilator
(increase
diameter),
innervated
parasympathetic
sympathetic
branches,
respectively,
autonomic
nervous
system.
The
current
guidelines
intended
to
inform
guide
psychophysiological
research
involving
measurement
(1)
summarizing
important
aspects
concerning
physiology
pupil,
(2)
providing
methodological
data-analytic
recommendations,
(3)
briefly
reviewing
that
modulate
pupillary
reactivity.
Because
increased
ease
tractability
measurement,
goal
these
is
promote
accurate
recording,
analysis,
reporting
data
research.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
13(1)
Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2022
Abstract
Retinal
dystrophies
such
as
Retinitis
pigmentosa
are
among
the
most
prevalent
causes
of
inherited
legal
blindness,
for
which
treatments
in
demand.
prostheses
have
been
developed
to
stimulate
inner
retinal
network
that,
initially
spared
by
degeneration,
deteriorates
late
stages
disease.
We
recently
reported
that
conjugated
polymer
nanoparticles
persistently
rescue
visual
activities
after
a
single
subretinal
injection
Royal
College
Surgeons
rat
model
.
Here
we
demonstrate
can
reinstate
physiological
signals
at
cortical
level
and
visually
driven
when
microinjected
10-months-old
rats
bearing
fully
light-insensitive
retinas.
The
extent
restoration
positively
correlates
with
nanoparticle
density
hybrid
contacts
second-order
neurons.
results
establish
functional
role
organic
photovoltaic
restoring
degenerate
retinas
intense
retina
rewiring,
stage
disease
patients
subjected
prosthetic
interventions.
Abstract
It
is
difficult
to
detect
visual
function
deficits
in
patients
at
risk
for
glaucoma
(glaucoma
suspects)
and
early
disease
stages
with
conventional
ophthalmic
tests
such
as
perimetry.
To
this
end,
we
introduce
a
novel
quadrant
field
measure
of
the
melanopsin
retinal
ganglion
cell
mediated
pupil
light
response
corresponding
typical
glaucomatous
arcuate
defects.
The
melanopsin-mediated
post-illumination
(PIPR)
was
measured
46
different
including
suspects
compared
healthy
group
21
participants
no
disease.
We
demonstrate
that
superonasal
PIPR
differentiated
from
controls
fair
(AUC
=
0.74)
excellent
0.94)
diagnostic
accuracy,
respectively.
provides
linear
functional
correlate
structural
nerve
fibre
thinning
patients.
This
first
report
stimulation
detects
dysfunction
pre-perimetric
may
have
future
implications
treatment
decisions
suspects.
Frontiers in Neurology,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
9
Опубликована: Ноя. 27, 2018
The
human
pupillary
light
response
is
driven
by
all
classes
of
photoreceptors
in
the
eye-the
three
cones,
rods,
and
intrinsically
photosensitive
retinal
ganglion
cells
(ipRGCs)
expressing
photopigment
melanopsin.
These
photoreceptor
have
distinct
but
overlapping
spectral
tuning,
even
a
monochromatic
with
wavelength
matched
to
peak
sensitivity
given
will
stimulate
photoreceptors.
method
silent
substitution
uses
pairs
lights
("metamers")
selectively
class
while
keeping
activation
others
constant.
In
this
primer,
we
describe
provide
an
overview
studies
that
used
it
examine
inputs
response.