Complete metamorphosis of insects

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 374(1783), С. 20190063 - 20190063

Опубликована: Авг. 23, 2019

The majority of described hexapod species are holometabolous insects, undergoing an extreme form metamorphosis with intercalated pupal stage between the larva and adult, in which organs tissues extensively remodelled some cases completely rebuilt. Here, we review how why this developmental strategy has evolved. While there many theories explaining evolution metamorphosis, fit under hypothesis decoupling life stages, few clear adaptive hypotheses on complete We propose that main benefit is growth differentiation. This facilitates exploitation ephemeral resources enhances probability metamorphic transition escaping size thresholds. comes at cost exposure to predators, parasites pathogens during requires specific adaptations immune system time. Moreover, poses a challenge for maintenance symbionts gut microbiota, although it may also offer allowing extensive change microbiota larval adult stages. regulation by two players, ecdysone juvenile hormone, related signalling cascades now relatively well understood. mechanics have recently been studied detail because advent micro-CT research into role cell death remodelling organs. support argument must necessarily preceded insect. do not resolve still contentious question whether insects general originated through modification existing preadult forms or heterochrony as modified embryonic (pronymph), nor pupa arose hemimetabolous final larva. article part theme issue 'The metamorphosis'.

Язык: Английский

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Genome editing in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda: Multiple sgRNA/Cas9 method for identification of knockouts in one generation

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 122, С. 103373 - 103373

Опубликована: Апрель 7, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Knockout of juvenile hormone receptor, Methoprene-tolerant, induces black larval phenotype in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 116(43), С. 21501 - 21507

Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2019

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, vectors human pathogens. Juvenile hormones (JH) control almost every aspect of an insect's life, and JH analogs are currently used to mosquito larvae. Since RNA interference does not work efficiently during the larval stages this insect, regulation development mode action well studied. To overcome limitation, we a multiple single guide RNA-based CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method knockout methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene coding for receptor. Met larvae exhibited black phenotype L3 (third instar larvae) L4 (fourth died before pupation. However, did affect embryonic or L1 L2 stages. Microscopy studies revealed precocious synthesis dark pupal cuticle Gene expression analysis showed that Krüppel homolog 1, key transcription factor in action, was down-regulated, but genes proteins involved melanization, adult synthesis, blood meal digestion adults were up-regulated mutants. These data suggest that, stages, mediates suppression pupal/adult melanization digestion. results help advance our knowledge Ae. aegypti.

Язык: Английский

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The vitellogenin receptor functionality of the migratory locust depends on its phosphorylation by juvenile hormone

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 118(37)

Опубликована: Сен. 7, 2021

Significance During vitellogenesis of oviparous animals, vitellogenin receptor (VgR)–mediated endocytosis is crucial for the incorporation yolk proteins into oocytes. VgR also serves as a gatekeeper vertical transmission pathogenic microbes and symbionts. Juvenile hormone (JH) acts gonadotrophic stimulates this process in many insect species, but regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. We find that JH activates GPCR-PLC-PKC-ι cascade phosphorylates an EGF-precursor homology domain. Endosomal acidification leads to dephosphorylation. Phosphorylation essential translocate from oocyte cytoplasm membrane bind with on internalize Moreover, JH-promoted phosphorylation intracellular recycling deposition evolutionarily conserved across divergent orders.

Язык: Английский

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Enhanced metabolism and target gene overexpression confer resistance against acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in Bromus sterilis

Pest Management Science, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 77(4), С. 2122 - 2128

Опубликована: Дек. 18, 2020

Abstract BACKGROUND Intensive application of acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides has resulted in herbicide‐resistance many weeds, including Bromus sterilis . The present study was conducted to identify the mechanisms conferring resistance ALS‐inhibiting a biotype. RESULTS Dose–response studies revealed resistant biotype be 288 times less sensitive pyroxsulam than susceptible Furthermore, experiment with single‐dose, proved this also cross‐resistant propoxycarbazone, iodosulfuron plus mesosulfuron and sulfosulfuron. Prior treatment malathion, known inhibitor cytochrome P450s, reduced level pyroxsulam. No mutations were detected from partial ALS gene sequencing. Flow cytometry chromosome counting rejected ploidy variation between biotypes. Relative copy number ruled out amplification. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) significant difference expression CONCLUSIONS Target overexpression enhanced metabolism by P450s are likely current findings highlight need monitor additional brome populations for herbicide Europe endorse alternate integrated weed management delay possible evolution these species. © 2020 Society Chemical Industry

Язык: Английский

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Kr-h1, a Cornerstone Gene in Insect Life History

Frontiers in Physiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Апрель 27, 2022

Insect life cycle is coordinated by hormones and their downstream effectors. Krüppel homolog1 (Kr-h1) one of the crucial effectors which mediates actions two critical insects, juvenile hormone (JH) 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). It a transcription factor with DNA-binding motif eight C 2 H zinc fingers found to be conserved among insect orders. The expression Kr-h1 fluctuant during development high abundance in instars lower levels final instar pupal stage, reappearance adults, governed coordination JH, 20E, miRNAs. dynamic pattern closely linked its function entire insects. Over past several years, accumulating studies have advanced our understanding role development. acts as universal antimetamorphic both hemimetabolous holometabolous species directly inhibiting 20E signaling genes Broad-Complex ( Br-C ) Ecdysone induced protein 93F E93 ), steroidogenic enzyme involved ecdysone biosynthesis. Meanwhile, it promotes vitellogenesis ovarian majority studied In addition, regulates behavioral plasticity caste identity, neuronal morphogenesis, maturation sexual behavior, well embryogenesis metabolic homeostasis. Hence, cornerstone regulator life.

Язык: Английский

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Epigenetic regulations as drivers of insecticide resistance and resilience to climate change in arthropod pests

Frontiers in Genetics, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13

Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2023

Arthropod pests are remarkably capable of rapidly adapting to novel forms environmental stress, including insecticides and climate change. The dynamic interplay between epigenetics genetics explains the largely unexplored reality underlying rapid climatic adaptation development insecticide resistance in insects. Epigenetic regulation modulates gene expression by methylating DNA acetylating histones that play an essential role governing This review summarises discusses significance recent advances epigenetic facilitate phenotypic plasticity insects their symbiotic microbes cope with selection pressure implied extensive applications We also discuss how changes passed on multiple generations through sexual recombination, which remains enigmatic. Finally, we explain these signatures can be utilized manage pest resilience change Anthropocene.

Язык: Английский

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Monarch butterflies use an environmentally sensitive, internal timer to control overwintering dynamics

Molecular Ecology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 28(16), С. 3642 - 3655

Опубликована: Июль 24, 2019

Abstract The monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) complements its iconic migration with diapause, a hormonally controlled developmental programme that contributes to winter survival at overwintering sites. Although timing is critical adaptive feature of how environmental cues are integrated genetically‐determined physiological mechanisms time diapause development, particularly termination, not well understood. In design subjected western North American monarchs different chamber conditions over time, we modularized constituent components an environmentally‐controlled, internal termination timer. Using comparative transcriptomics, identified molecular controllers these specific components. Calcium signalling mediated sensitivity the timer, and speculate it key integrator condition (cold temperature) downstream hormonal control diapause. Juvenile hormone (JH) changed spontaneously in diapause‐inducing conditions, capacitating response future condition. JH major target itself Epigenetic implicated be proximate mechanism. Ecdysteroid, JH, insulin/insulin‐like peptide targets used permissive conditions. Understanding sheds light on fundamental properties biological timing, also helps inform expectations for populations may respond climate change.

Язык: Английский

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Epigenetic Molecular Mechanisms in Insects

Neotropical Entomology, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 49(5), С. 615 - 642

Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2020

Язык: Английский

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The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Metabolism and Endocrinology

Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(2), С. 256 - 256

Опубликована: Фев. 6, 2023

Each cell in a multicellular organism has its own phenotype despite sharing the same genome. Epigenetics is somatic, heritable pattern of gene expression or cellular mediated by structural changes chromatin that occur without altering DNA sequence. Epigenetic modification an important factor determining level and timing response to endogenous exogenous stimuli. There also growing evidence concerning interaction between epigenetics metabolism. Accordingly, several enzymes consume vital metabolites as substrates cofactors are used during catalysis epigenetic modification. Therefore, altered metabolism might lead diseases pathogenesis, including endocrine disorders cancer. In addition, it been demonstrated influences system immune response-related pathways. this regard, may impact levels hormones regulating growth, development, reproduction, energy balance, Altering function negative health consequences. Furthermore, disruptors (EDC) have significant on system, causing abnormal functioning their receptors, resulting various disorders. Overall, review focuses with

Язык: Английский

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