A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind’s Challenges

Journal of Fungi, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 8(1), С. 23 - 23

Опубликована: Дек. 28, 2021

Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind's challenges to use different types of biological systems for diversity applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds produce simple products. Fungal enzymes compatible, efficient, proper products many uses medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, agricultural appropriate stability give manufactured suitable shelf life, affordable cost, approved demands. been used from ancient times today industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, commodities manufacturing, such as linen leather. Furthermore, they also other fields paper detergent, the textile industry, drinks food technology manufacturing ranging tea coffee fruit juice wine. Recently, fungi production more than 50% needed enzymes. Fungi can extracellularly, which gives great chance producing large amounts with low cost easy viability purified forms using purification methods. In present review, comprehensive trial has advanced elaborate on structures fungal well current status various

Язык: Английский

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Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 10(6), С. 1180 - 1180

Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2022

Plastic pollution is a growing environmental problem, in part due to the extremely stable and durable nature of this polymer. As recycling does not provide complete solution, research has been focusing on alternative ways degrading plastic. Fungi wide array enzymes specialized degradation recalcitrant substances are very promising candidates field plastic degradation. This review examines present literature for different fungal involved degradation, describing their characteristics, efficacy biotechnological applications. Fungal laccases peroxidases, generally used by fungi degrade lignin, show good results polyethylene (PE) polyvinyl chloride (PVC), while esterases such as cutinases lipases were successfully terephthalate (PET) polyurethane (PUR). Good also obtained PUR proteases ureases. All these isolated from many fungi, both

Язык: Английский

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A comprehensive review on the potential of microbial enzymes in multipollutant bioremediation: Mechanisms, challenges, and future prospects

Journal of Environmental Management, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 334, С. 117532 - 117532

Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2023

Язык: Английский

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What makes Yarrowia lipolytica well suited for industry?

Trends in biotechnology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 41(2), С. 242 - 254

Опубликована: Авг. 6, 2022

Selection of the most appropriate microorganism is one key aspects for industrial success microbial bioprocesses.Yarrowia lipolytica has gained interest as a chassis strain in academia and industry because its capacity to make products at high yields, use broad range substrates, be genetically amenable.Y. many features that are desired an scale, such safety, robustness, efficient stable genetic modifications, variety ability grow very cell density.To further improve Y. lipolytica, some characteristics must improved through metabolic engineering, oxygen requirement, byproduct formation, excessive foam synthesis. Yarrowia possesses natural engineered traits it good host bioproduction chemicals, fuels, foods, pharmaceuticals. In recent years, academic researchers have assessed potential, developed synthetic biology techniques, features, scaled processes, identified limitations. Both publications patents related shown drastic increase during past decade. Here, we discuss this yeast suitable remaining challenges wider large scale. We present evidence herein shows importance potential may soon preferred choices industry. Industrial biotechnology (white biotechnology) includes application enzymes, extracts, or whole microorganisms processes lead manufacture wide products, including food ingredients, materials, pharmaceuticals [1.Frazzetto G. White biotechnology.EMBO Rep. 2003; 4: 835-837Crossref PubMed Scopus (63) Google Scholar,2.Heux S. et al.White biotechnology: state art strategies development biocatalysts biorefining.Biotechnol. Adv. 2015; 33: 1653-1670Crossref (71) Scholar]. Compared with chemical often more sustainable environmentally friendly enables specificity reactivity difficult achieve otherwise [3.Soetaert W. Vandamme E. The impact biotechnology.Biotechnol. J. 2006; 1: 756-769Crossref (81) two decades, along advances engineering biology, delivered innovations chemical, textile, food, packaging, healthcare sectors [4.Jullesson D. al.Impact on production fine chemicals.Biotechnol. 1395-1402Crossref (166) One keys bioprocess (see Glossary) selection microorganism. should consider their intermediates, consume substates, resist toxicity intermediates and/or final products. addition, important wealth knowledge organism's physiology metabolism well degree techniques [5.Keasling J.D. Synthetic tools engineering.Metab. Eng. 2012; 14: 189-195Crossref (340) A given can also by optimization fermentation conditions evolutionary adaptation Scholar, 6.Sopko R. al.Mapping pathways phenotypes systematic gene overexpression.Mol. Cell. 21: 319-330Abstract Full Text PDF (518) 7.Förster A.H. Gescher Metabolic Escherichia coli mixed-acid end products.Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2014; 2: 16PubMed been considered nonconventional due distinctive genome structure relatively phylogenetic distance other yeasts while sharing common properties higher eukaryotes [8.Barth Gaillardin C. lipolytica.in: Wolf K. Nonconventional Yeasts Biotechnology: Handbook. Springer-Verlag, 1996: 313-388Crossref This was originally isolated from lipid-rich protein-rich environments fermented dairy (cheese, yogurt), meat, poultry, wastes sewage oil-polluted [9.Beopoulos A. al.Yarrowia lipolytica: model tool understand mechanisms implicated lipid accumulation.Biochimie. 2009; 91: 692-696Crossref (216) Since isolation, used organic acids heterologous proteins bioremediation oil-contaminated soil water [10.Nicaud J.-M. lipolytica.Yeast. 29: 409-418Crossref (208) Scholar,11.Madzak achievements protein expression pathway engineering.Appl. Microbiol. 99: 4559-4577Crossref (167) Some unique initially drew attention accumulate lipids, dimorphism (with both pseudo-hyphae forms) Scholar,12.Abdel-Mawgoud A.M. al.Metabolic lipolytica.Metab. 2018; 50: 192-208Crossref (126) Scholar], degrade hydrophobic carbon sources (fatty acids, triglycerides, alkanes, alkenes, etc.) [13.Barth Physiology genetics dimorphic fungus lipolytica.FEMS Rev. 1997; 19: 219-237Crossref Scholar,14.Lazar Z. al.Holistic approaches lipolytica.Trends 36: 1157-1170Abstract (86) 1990s, involving increased rapidly parallel early availability whole-genome sequence encouraged new research groups work microbe. Together manipulation, number published articles grown exponentially, Figure 1. academia, noticed yeast, (Figure 2). briefly explored patent landscape found 4536 international containing keywords 'Yarrowia lipolytica' As expected, significantly since 2001, alongside which reflect increasing organism host. Examples made described Box 1 2 Survey industry).Box 1Y. commercial industry(i)Polyunsaturated fatty (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6, n-3), known long-chain omega-3 global market valued US$2.49 billion 2019 [70.Xie al.Sustainable source metabolically fundamental production.Appl. 1599-1610Crossref (149) E.I. DuPont de Nemours Company strategy expressed Δ6 desaturase, C18/20 elongase, Δ5 Δ17 enabled up 40% EPA [71.Maccol, D.J. al. US Holding LLC. Mortierella alpina C16/18 elongase. US7470532B2.Google 72.Yadav, N.S. EI Du Pont Co. Δ12 desaturases altering leveles polyunsaturated oleaginous yeast. US7504259B2.Google 73.Zhu Q. al.Cohen Ratledge C.B.T.-S.C.O. 3 - Engineering Oleaginous Yeast Production Omega-3 Fatty Acids. 2nd ed. AOCS Press, 2010: 51-73Google enhanced eliminating competitive introducing several copies crucial reaching approximately 25% dry weight 50% methyl ester Scholar,74.Hong, S.P. Expression caleosin recombinant oil content therein. WO2012162368A1.Google commercialize produced New Harvest oil, Verlasso salmon.(ii)Skotan SA started single-cell (edible human animals [75.Bornscheuer U.T. fourth wave biocatalysis approaching.Philos. Trans. Soc. Math. Phys. Sci. 376: 1-7Google Scholar]) waste glycerol registered feed product EU [15.Groenewald M. safety assessment great potential.Crit. 40: 187-206Crossref (325) Microbial enzymes lipases already own US$425 million 2018 [76.Chandra P. al.Microbial applications: comprehensive review.Microb. Cell Fact. 2020; 169Crossref (315) Commercial now available, phospholipase enzyme Lipomod 833L2 Biocatalysts Ltd., lipase obtained LIP2 overexpression Mayoly, α-glucosidase OXY2810 Oxyrane [44.Madzak biotechnological review major innovations.Mol. 60: 621-635Crossref (73) Scholar,77.Madzak strains how biodiversity could contribute factories improvement.J. Fungi. 2021; 7: 548Crossref (42) Scholar].(iii)Citric widely additives, preservatives, anticoagulants, antimicrobial agents, so forth [78.Cavallo citric production.FEMS Res. 2017; 17: fox084Crossref (74) volume greater than tons, value estimated reach US$6.28 2030 [79.Market Research Future Citric Acid Market Report: Information Form (Anhydrous Liquid), Function (Acidulant, Antioxidant, Preservative, Flavouring Agent), Application [Food & Beverages (Beverages; Bakery Confectionery; Sweet Savoury Snacks; Soups, Sauces, Dressings, RTE RTC Meals, Others), Pharmaceuticals Nutraceuticals, Personal Care, Others] Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, RoW)—Forecast till 2030.2021Google Due easy cultivation, conversion rate, tolerance concentrations, proposed alternative producer Aspergillus niger Scholar,80.Börekçi B.S. al.Citric yeasts: overview.Eurobiotech 5: 79-91Crossref (12) Several companies, DSM, Akad Wissenschaften DDR, OrganoBalance GmbH, 40 Scholar].(iv)Carotenoids applications processing, animal feed, pharmaceutical, cosmetics industries. There enormous market, US$1.57 2022 valuation US$2.09 2027 [81.Market Data Forecast Global Carotenoids Segmented Type (Astaxanthin, Canthaxanthin, Lutein, Beta-Carotene, Lycopene, Zeaxanthin), (Food Beverages, Dietary Supplements, Animal Feed others), By Sources (Natural Synthetic) Regional Analysis Asia Pacific, Latin Middle East Africa) Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, (2022 – 2027).2022Google carotenoids numerous filed Company, Amyris, Microbia Inc., among others [82.Royer, DSM IP Assets BV. terpenoids. US20180148697A1.Google 83.Farrell, Acetyl transferase producing carotenoids. US10865392B2.Google 84.Sharp, P.L. Carotenoid US8846374B2.Google 85.Gardner, T.S. Amyris Inc. acetyl-coenzymeA derived isoprenoids. US8603800B2.Google 86.Bailey, R.B. fungi. US9297031B2.Google (now part DSM) brought carotenoid pilot scales, GRAS self-affirmation demonstrated β-carotene Scholar].Box 2Survey industryAlthough opinion publications, those obtain. therefore conducted survey companies working find out what they think about consisted statements 'ranked questions' few 'open where answer typed. answered ten different scales (from lab scale).The first question' target IA). When considering 'agree' 'mostly agree' answers, terpenoids, were best targets agreement 100%, 80%, 73%, respectively. Interestingly, responses 'Which promising near future?' diverse, amino proteins, sugar alcohols mentioned, interests companies.A second set assess IB). Overall, there ('agree' agree') fact density cultivation (100%), robustness (70%), substrate utilization (80%), whereas less positive answers regard downstream scaling up, 30%, 60%, opinions, respectively, 'neutral' disagree'.The third investigated need studies, tools, IC). Ninety percent agree still needs tools. Eighty-two recognized deepening our understanding behavior bioreactors.These industries strains, being wild-type (nonengineered) strains. anonymous response stated 'Y. strong body knowledge, regulatory approvals prior (e.g., short list do not full before manufacture/sale EU), accelerates R D manufacturing timelines'.Figure ISurvey using lipolytica.Show caption(A) Agreement disagreement produce (B) presence lipolytica. (C) fields study lipolytica.View Large Image ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) (i)Polyunsaturated Although scale). companies. disagree'. bioreactors. These timelines'. popularity goes beyond choosing workhorse, but makes appealing bioproduction? try question describing ideal fit biomanufacturing, current research, yet overcome better Traditionally, polyols. greatly expanded, 3. divert flux toward acetyl coenzyme turned into producers terpenes lipid-derived metabolites shikimate pentose phosphate pathway) demonstrated. compounds these cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, materials 3). Safety critical issues implementation applications, especially intended consumption. 'safe-to-use organism', granted (generally regarded safe) status acid, erythritol, FDA

Язык: Английский

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The Recent Advances in the Utility of Microbial Lipases: A Review

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(2), С. 510 - 510

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2023

Lipases are versatile biocatalysts and used in different bioconversion reactions. Microbial lipases currently attracting a great amount of attention due to the rapid advancement enzyme technology its practical application variety industrial processes. The current review provides updated information on sources microbial lipases, such as fungi, bacteria, yeast, their classical modern purification techniques, including precipitation chromatographic separation, immunopurification technique, reversed micellar system, aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), flotation (ATPF), use industries, e.g., food, textile, leather, cosmetics, paper, detergent industries. Furthermore, article critical analysis lipase-producing microbes, distinguished from previously published reviews, illustrates biosensors, biodiesel production, tea processing, role bioremediation racemization.

Язык: Английский

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Recent advances in simultaneous thermostability-activity improvement of industrial enzymes through structure modification

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 232, С. 123440 - 123440

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Extremophilic lipases for industrial applications: A general review

Biotechnology Advances, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 60, С. 108002 - 108002

Опубликована: Июнь 7, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Perspective on the heavy metal pollution and recent remediation strategies

Current Research in Microbial Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 3, С. 100166 - 100166

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022

Heavy metal (HM) pollution is extremely deleterious because of the toxicity they exert on human beings, animals, and plants. HMs are recalcitrant to degradation, hence persistent in environment for a longer duration adding concern. at high concentrations have adverse effects production food as affect metabolic activity serious implications health, reaching tissue via direct ingestion, dermal contact, inhalation, adsorption. Several methods been explored eradication from environment. Conventional removal constrained by processing problems, expenses, generation toxic sludge, therefore more research now focused use bacteria, fungi, plants, diatoms ions In this context, review article sheds light distribution environment, their sources, ecotoxicity living beings. The sustainable remedies decontaminate current knowledge strategies minimize HM also discussed along with recent developments nanoparticles removal.

Язык: Английский

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Rice Bran: From Waste to Nutritious Food Ingredients

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(11), С. 2503 - 2503

Опубликована: Май 28, 2023

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal food for more than half of the world’s people. predominantly consumed as white rice, refined grain that produced during rice milling process which removes bran and germ leaves starchy endosperm. by-product from process, contains many bioactive compounds, instance, phenolic tocotrienols, tocopherols, γ-oryzanol. These compounds are thought to protect against cancer, vascular disease, type 2 diabetes. Extraction oil also generates various by-products including wax, defatted bran, filtered cake, acid oil, some them exert substances could be utilized functional ingredients. However, often animal feed or discarded waste. Therefore, this review aimed discuss role in metabolic ailments. The constituents product application were highlighted study. Collectively, better understanding underlying molecular mechanism these exerted would provide useful approach industry prevent

Язык: Английский

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Industrial applications of fungal lipases: a review

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2023

Fungal lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases EC 3.1.1.3) are significant industrial enzymes and have several applications in a number of industries fields. found species fungi yeast. These carboxylic acid esterases, categorized under the serine hydrolase family, do not require any cofactor during catalyzing reactions. It was also noticed that processes including extraction purification from comparatively easier cheaper than other sources lipases. In addition, fungal been classified into three chief classes, namely, GX, GGGX, Y. only hydrolysis fats oils (triglycerides) but involved synthetic reactions such as esterification, acidolysis, alcoholysis, interesterification, aminolysis. The production activity highly affected by carbon source, nitrogen temperature, pH, metal ions, surfactants, moisture content. Therefore, biotechnological many fields biodiesel production, ester synthesis, biodegradable biopolymers, formulations cosmetics personal care products, detergent manufacturing, degreasing leather, pulp paper textile industry, biosensor development, drug diagnostic tool medical sector, biodegradation esters, bioremediation wastewater. immobilization onto different carriers helps improving catalytic activities efficiencies increasing thermal ionic stability (in organic solvents, high temperature), being easy to recycle, inducing volume-specific loading enzyme support, thus, these features proved be appropriate for use biocatalysts sectors.

Язык: Английский

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