Background.Sugarcane
(Saccharum
spontaneum
L.),
the
major
sugar
and
biofuel
feedstock
crop,
is
cultivated
mainly
by
vegetative
propagation
worldwide
due
to
infertility
of
female
reproductive
organs
resulting
in
reduction
quality
output
sugar.Deciphering
gene
expression
profile
during
ovule
development
will
improve
our
understanding
complications
underlying
sexual
reproduction
sugarcane.Optimal
reference
genes
are
essential
for
elucidating
pattern
a
given
quantitative
real-time
PCR
(qRT-PCR).Method.In
this
study,
based
on
transcriptome
data
obtained
from
sugarcane
ovule,
eighteen
candidate
were
identified,
cloned,
their
levels
evaluated
across
five
developmental
stages
(AC,
MMC,
Meiosis,
Mitosis,
Mature).
Results.Our
results
indicated
that
FAB2
MOR1
most
stably
expressed
gametophyte
development.Moreover,
two
genes,
cell
cycle-related
REC8
CDK,
selected,
feasibility
was
validated.This
study
provides
important
insights
into
reports
novel
research
reproduction.
Abstract
As
organisms
evolve,
the
effects
of
mutations
change
as
a
result
epistatic
interactions
with
other
accumulated
along
line
descent.
This
can
lead
to
shifts
in
adaptability
or
robustness
that
ultimately
shape
subsequent
evolution.
Here,
we
review
recent
advances
measuring,
modeling,
and
predicting
epistasis
evolutionary
trajectories,
both
microbial
cells
single
proteins.
We
focus
on
simple
patterns
global
emerge
this
data,
which
be
predicted
by
small
number
variables.
The
emergence
these
offers
promise
for
efforts
model
predict
PLoS Genetics,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
17(7), С. e1009627 - e1009627
Опубликована: Июль 15, 2021
The
presence
of
meiosis,
which
is
a
conserved
component
sexual
reproduction,
across
organisms
from
all
eukaryotic
kingdoms,
strongly
argues
that
sex
primordial
feature
eukaryotes.
However,
extant
meiotic
structures
and
processes
can
vary
considerably
between
organisms.
ciliated
protist
Tetrahymena
thermophila
,
diverged
animals,
plants,
fungi
early
in
evolution,
provides
one
example
rather
unconventional
meiosis.
has
simpler
meiosis
compared
with
most
other
organisms:
It
lacks
both
synaptonemal
complex
(SC)
specialized
machinery
for
chromosome
cohesion
reduced
capacity
to
regulate
recombination.
Despite
this,
it
also
features
several
unique
mechanisms,
including
elongation
the
nucleus
twice
cell
length
promote
homologous
pairing
prevent
recombination
sister
chromatids.
Comparison
programs
higher
multicellular
may
reveal
how
evolved
proto-meiosis.
Many
biological
features
are
conserved
and
thus
considered
to
be
resistant
evolutionary
change.
While
rapid
genetic
adaptation
following
the
removal
of
genes
has
been
observed,
we
often
lack
a
mechanistic
understanding
how
happens.
We
used
budding
yeast,
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae,
investigate
plasticity
chromosome
metabolism,
network
modules.
experimentally
evolved
cells
constitutively
experiencing
DNA
replication
stress
caused
by
absence
Ctf4,
protein
that
coordinates
enzymatic
activities
at
forks.
Parallel
populations
adapted
stress,
over
1000
generations,
acquiring
multiple,
concerted
mutations.
These
mutations
altered
two
metabolism
modules,
sister
chromatid
cohesion,
inactivated
third,
damage
checkpoint.
The
selected
define
functionally
reproducible
trajectory.
suggest
implications
for
genome
evolution
in
natural
cancer.All
plants,
animals
fungi
share
common
ancestor,
though
they
have
become
very
distinct
billions
years,
all
essential
machinery
needed
grow
divide.
At
heart
this
is
complex
interaction
proteins
involved
replication,
process
duplicating
material
every
time
cell
divides.
needs
done
with
great
care,
error
rates
as
small
one
mistake
billion.
Otherwise,
can
accumulate
genome,
causing
problems
long-term
survival.
Despite
overall
principles
remaining
same,
underlying
mechanisms
vary
across
different
organisms.
Given
precision
complexity
replicating
DNA,
it
was
not
clear
had
differences.
Fumasoni
Murray
set
out
answer
forcing
strain
yeast
evolve
removing
gene
an
important,
but
essential,
component
replication.
were
still
able
reproduce,
hampered
mutation.
studied
after
reproduced
thousand
giving
enough
acquire
new
would
allow
compensate
initial
defects.
In
eight
separate
samples,
made
many
same
changes
order
overcome
original
segregation
third
feature
normally
protect
against
accumulation
damaged
DNA.
findings
show
pathways
controlled,
laboratory
environment
quickly
processes
damaged.
behavior
mutated
mimicked
cancer
cells,
which
struggling
adapt
their
machinery.
Studying
follows
perturbations
could
help
researchers
better
deal
challenges
treatment
development
antibiotic
resistance
bacteria,
well
leading
deeper
both
biology.
Current Biology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
32(13), С. 2884 - 2896.e6
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2022
The
ring-like
cohesin
complex
plays
an
essential
role
in
chromosome
segregation,
organization,
and
double-strand
break
repair
through
its
ability
to
bring
two
DNA
double
helices
together.
Scc2
(NIPBL
humans)
together
with
Scc4
functions
as
the
loader
of
onto
chromosomes.
Chromatin
adapters
such
RSC
facilitate
localization
Scc2-Scc4
loader.
Here,
we
identify
a
broad
range
Scc2-chromatin
protein
interactions
that
are
evolutionarily
conserved
reveal
for
one
complex,
Mediator,
recruitment
We
identified
budding
yeast
Med14,
subunit
Mediator
high
copy
suppressor
poor
growth
mutant
strains.
Physical
genetic
between
functionally
substantiated
direct
cohesion
assays.
Depletion
Med14
results
defective
sister
chromatid
decreased
binding
at
RNA
Pol
II-transcribed
genes.
Previous
work
has
suggested
Nipbl,
connect
enhancers
promoters
active
mammalian
Our
studies
suggest
fundamental
Nature Structural & Molecular Biology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
30(4), С. 436 - 450
Опубликована: Март 6, 2023
Cohesins
are
ancient
and
ubiquitous
regulators
of
chromosome
architecture
function,
but
their
diverse
roles
regulation
remain
poorly
understood.
During
meiosis,
chromosomes
reorganized
as
linear
arrays
chromatin
loops
around
a
cohesin
axis.
This
unique
organization
underlies
homolog
pairing,
synapsis,
double-stranded
break
induction,
recombination.
We
report
that
axis
assembly
in
Caenorhabditis
elegans
is
promoted
by
DNA-damage
response
(DDR)
kinases
activated
at
meiotic
entry,
even
the
absence
DNA
breaks.
Downregulation
cohesin-destabilizing
factor
WAPL-1
ATM-1
promotes
association
cohesins
containing
kleisins
COH-3
COH-4.
ECO-1
PDS-5
also
contribute
to
stabilizing
axis-associated
cohesins.
Further,
our
data
suggest
cohesin-enriched
domains
promote
repair
mammalian
cells
depend
on
WAPL
inhibition
ATM.
Thus,
DDR
Wapl
seem
play
conserved
prophase
proliferating
cells.
The
MutL
family
of
DNA
mismatch
repair
proteins
plays
a
critical
role
in
excising
and
repairing
misincorporation
errors
during
replication.
In
many
eukaryotes,
members
this
have
evolved
to
modulate
resolve
recombination
intermediates
into
crossovers
meiosis.
these
organisms,
such
functions
promote
the
accurate
segregation
chromosomes
meiosis
I
division.
What
alterations
occurred
homolog
(MLH)
that
enabled
them
acquire
new
roles?
review,
we
present
evidence
yeast
Mlh1-Mlh3
Mlh1-Mlh2
complexes
novel
enzymatic
nonenzymatic
activities
protein-protein
interactions
are
for
their
meiotic
functions.
Curiously,
even
with
changes,
retain
backup
accessory
roles
vegetative
growth.
As
an
adapting
population
traverses
the
fitness
landscape,
its
local
neighborhood
(i.e.,
collection
of
effects
single-step
mutations)
can
change
shape
because
interactions
with
mutations
acquired
during
evolution.
These
changes
to
distribution
affect
both
rate
adaptation
and
accumulation
deleterious
mutations.
However,
while
numerous
models
landscapes
have
been
proposed
in
literature,
empirical
data
on
how
this
evolution
remains
limited.
In
study,
we
directly
measure
landscape
laboratory
adaptation.
Using
a
barcode-based
mutagenesis
system,
91
specific
gene
disruption
genetic
backgrounds
spanning
8000-10,000
generations
two
constant
environments.
We
find
that
mean
decreases
one
environment,
indicating
reduction
mutational
robustness,
but
does
not
other.
show
these
distribution-level
patterns
result
from
differences
relative
frequency
certain
epistasis
at
level
individual
mutations,
including
fitness-correlated
idiosyncratic
epistasis.
Trends in Cell Biology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
33(11), С. 903 - 912
Опубликована: Май 15, 2023
Evolutionary
cell
biology
explores
the
origins,
principles,
and
core
functions
of
cellular
features
regulatory
networks
through
lens
evolution.
This
emerging
field
relies
heavily
on
comparative
experiments
genomic
analyses
that
focus
exclusively
extant
diversity
historical
events,
providing
limited
opportunities
for
experimental
validation.
In
this
opinion
article,
we
explore
potential
laboratory
evolution
to
augment
evolutionary
toolbox,
drawing
inspiration
from
recent
studies
combine
with
biological
assays.
Primarily
focusing
approaches
single
cells,
provide
a
generalizable
template
adapting
protocols
fresh
insight
into
long-standing
questions
in
biology.
Cell
cycle
checkpoints
and
DNA
repair
pathways
contribute
to
maintaining
genome
integrity
are
thought
be
evolutionarily
ancient
broadly
conserved.
For
example,
in
the
yeast
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
humans,
damage
induces
activation
of
a
checkpoint
effector
kinase,
Rad53p
(human
homolog
Chk2),
promote
cell
arrest
transcription
genes.
However,
recent
studies
have
revealed
variation
response
networks
some
fungi.
Shor
et
al.
(mBio
11:e03044-20,
2020,
https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.03044-20)
demonstrate
that
comparison
S.
cerevisiae,
fungal
pathogen
Candida
glabrata
has
reduced
damage.
Consequently,
downstream
targets
maintenance,
such
as
polymerases,
transcriptionally
downregulated
C.
Downregulation
maintenance
genes
likely
contributes
higher
rates
mitotic
failure
death
This
other
findings
highlight
evolutionary
diversity
eukaryotic
responses.