Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 34(5), С. 1447 - 1478

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2022

Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate detection-and-response system. The first Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) cloned. Here, we provide list of characterized PRRs NLRs. In addition receptors, components signaling networks were discovered over last 30 years. We review pathways, physiological responses, molecular regulation both PRR- NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies reinforced importance interactions between two systems. an overview immunity, highlighting challenges perspectives future research.

Язык: Английский

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Evasion of plant immunity by microbial pathogens

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 20(8), С. 449 - 464

Опубликована: Март 16, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Plant immune networks

Trends in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 27(3), С. 255 - 273

Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Effector‐dependent activation and oligomerization of plant NRC class helper NLRs by sensor NLR immune receptors Rpi‐amr3 and Rpi‐amr1

The EMBO Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 42(5)

Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2023

Abstract Plant pathogens compromise crop yields. Plants have evolved robust innate immunity that depends in part on intracellular Nucleotide‐binding, Leucine rich‐Repeat (NLR) immune receptors activate defense responses upon detection of pathogen‐derived effectors. Most “sensor” NLRs detect effectors require the activity “helper” NLRs, but how helper support sensor NLR function is poorly understood. Many Solanaceae NRC (NLR‐Required for Cell death) class NLRs. We show here Rpi‐amr3, a from Solanum americanum , detects AVRamr3 potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans and activates oligomerization NRC2 NRC4 into high‐molecular‐weight resistosomes. In contrast, recognition P. effector AVRamr1 by another Rpi‐amr1 induces formation only resistosome. The activated oligomer becomes enriched membrane fractions. ATP‐binding motifs both Rpi‐amr3 are required resistosome formation, not interaction with its cognate effector. can be homologs other species. Mechanistic understanding will underpin engineering crops durable disease resistance.

Язык: Английский

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NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup

EMBO Reports, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(10)

Опубликована: Авг. 21, 2023

Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens mount an response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by the nucleotide binding leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum reaction, usually accompanied form programmed cell death termed hypersensitive Some plant act as multifunctional singleton which combine detection signaling. However, can also function in higher order pairs networks functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover basic aspects NLR biology with emphasis on networks. We highlight some recent advances structure, function, activation discuss emerging topics such modulator NLRs, suppression bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches required disentangle how these receptor evolve. Answering questions holds potential deepen our understanding system unlock new era disease resistance breeding.

Язык: Английский

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NLR signaling in plants: from resistosomes to second messengers

Trends in Biochemical Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 48(9), С. 776 - 787

Опубликована: Июнь 30, 2023

Pathogen effector-induced assembly of resistosomes has been established as an important event for nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) signaling in plants.The pentameric coiled-coil domain-containing NLR (CNL) act Ca2+-permeable channels, whereas the tetrameric Toll-interleukin 1-like (TIR) (TNL) are NADase holoenzymes.TNL catalyze production nucleotide-derived second messengers to activate downstream helper NLRs activated disease resistance 1 (ADR1) N requirement gene (NRG1) CNL class. Thus, CNLs TNLs converge on Ca2+ signals trigger plant immunity.NLR cross-talks with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) pathways.NLR pathways plants negatively regulated by both hosts pathogens. Nucleotide receptors (NLRs) have a critical role through direct or indirect recognition pathogen effectors. Recent studies demonstrated that such induces formation large protein complexes called mediate immune signaling. Some influx acting others function active NADases messengers. In this review we summarize these resistosome-mediated derivatives. We also discuss events regulation resistosome Plants rely multiple detect invading microbial pathogens mount responses [1.Ngou B.P.M. et al.Thirty years resistance: zig-zag system.Plant Cell. 2022; 34: 1447-1478Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar,2.Zhou J.M. Zhang Y. Plant immunity: danger perception signaling.Cell. 2020; 181: 978-989Abstract Full Text PDF (328) Scholar]. One subfamily pattern-recognition (PRRs) (see Glossary) at cell surface Scholar, 2.Zhou 3.DeFalco T.A. Zipfel C. Molecular mechanisms early signaling.Mol. 2021; 81: 3449-3467Abstract (0) PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) host-derived damage-associated (DAMPs), leading (PTI). PTI constitutes first line inducible defense against can breach layer secreting effector proteins into cells dampen PTI. To counteract virulence activity effectors, evolved receptors: intracellular NLRs. specifically proteins, inducing effector-triggered (ETI) confer race-specific site entry Scholar,4.Jones J.D.G. al.Intracellular innate surveillance devices animals.Science. 2016; 354aaf6395Crossref different structures subcellular localizations but conserved responses, including influx, bursts reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytocytokines phytohormones, transcriptional reprogramming Probably reason, ETI tightly connected [5.Yuan M. al.Pattern-recognition required NLR-mediated immunity.Nature. 592: 105-109Crossref (351) Scholar,6.Ngou al.Mutual potentiation cell-surface receptors.Nature. 110-115Crossref (329) However, differ timing, amplitude, duration defense, which could be determining their physiological outcomes. addition includes hypersensitive response (HR), form rapid localized programmed death infection [7.Jones J.D. Dangl J.L. The system.Nature. 2006; 444: 323-329Crossref (8693) largest hundreds distinct members [4.Jones two domains: central nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), C-terminal repeat (LRR) domain. A variable (CC) is attached terminus, resulting TIR-NLR CC-NLR (CNL), respectively [8.Maruta N. al.Structural basis activation signalling plants.Immunogenetics. 74: 5-26Crossref (25) Scholar,9.Hu Z. Chai J. Assembly architecture inflammasomes.Annu. Rev. Biophys. 52: 8.1-8.22Google pathogen-sensing NLRs, there some (h) translate from [10.Feehan al.Plant get little help friends.Curr. Opin. Biol. 56: 99-108Crossref (18) Scholar,11.Jubic L.M. al.Help wanted: responses.Curr. 2019; 50: 82-94Crossref (139) Examples hNLRs include Resistance Powdery Mildew 8 (RPW8) family [12.Wu al.Differential TNL-mediated redundant CNLs.New Phytol. 222: 938-953Crossref (118) 13.Castel B. al.Diverse defence via RPW8-NLR NRG1.New 966-980Crossref (144) 14.Qi T. al.NRG1 functions EDS1 regulate TIR-NLR-mediated Nicotiana benthamiana.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018; 115: E10979-E10987Crossref (121) 15.Collier S.M. al.Cell mediated N-terminal domains unique highly class NB-LRR protein.Mol. Microbe Interact. 2011; 24: 918-931Crossref (230) Scholar] (Figure 1) (NRCs) [16.Adachi H. Kamoun networks plants.Essays Biochem. 66: 541-549Crossref (4) Scholar,17.Wu C.H. al.NLR network mediates diverse pathogens.Proc. 2017; 114: 8113-8118Crossref (211) More recent signaling, many sensor Solanaceae, depends NRCs upon [18.Ahn H.K. al.Effector-dependent NRC Rpi-amr3 Rpi-amr1.EMBO 2023; 42e111484Crossref (5) Scholar,19.Contreras M.P. al.Sensor helpers pathogens.EMBO 42e111519PubMed messengers, calcium ion derivations. crosstalk between negative effectors host regulators. directly indirectly. For example, interaction benthamiana TNL Roq1 (recognition XopQ its recognized (Xanthomonas outer Q) [20.Schultink al.Roq1 Xanthomonas Pseudomonas HopQ1.Plant 92: 787-795Crossref (82) Scholar,21.Martin R. al.Structure ROQ1 recognizing XopQ.Science. 370eabd9993Crossref (174) Scholar], arabidopsis RPP1 Peronospora parasitica ATR1 (Arabidopsis thaliana [22.Ma al.Direct pathogen-induced complex holoenzyme.Science. 370abe3069Crossref (169) Scholar,23.Krasileva K.V. al.Activation Arabidopsis specified planta association cognate oomycete effector.Plant 2010; 22: 2444-2458Crossref (220) wheat Sr35 (stem rust 35) AvrSr35 [24.Zhao Y.-B. al.Pathogen triggers mechanism.Sci. Adv. 8eabq5108Crossref (13) 25.Forderer al.A defines common principles channels.Nature. 610: 532-539Crossref 26.Salcedo al.Variation determines stem race Ug99.Science. 358: 1604-1606Crossref (117) spp, Hyaloperonospora parasitica, Puccinia graminis tritici, respectively. monitoring effector-mediated perturbations targets. example ZAR1 (HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE [27.Lewis al.Allele-specific attenuation syringae HopZ1a type III protein.PLoS Genet. 6e1000894Crossref (111) exists preformed kinase RKS1 (resistance-related normal conditions recognizes AvrAC indirectly uridylylation another PBL2 (PBS1-like 2) [28.Wang al.Ligand-triggered allosteric ADP release primes complex.Science. 364aav5868Crossref (231) Scholar,29.Wang G. al.The decoy substrate pseudokinase specify modified-self plants.Cell Host Microbe. 2015; 18: 285-295Abstract (156) Scholar]; AvrAC-uridylylated associates consequently activates ZAR1-mediated immunity. Alternatively, cases, may not necessarily CHS3 (CHILLING SENSITIVE 3)/CSA1 (CONSTITUTIVE SHADE-AVOIDANCE pair detects PRR coreceptor BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated [30.Yang al.Allelic variation CHS3/CSA1 reveals functional cell-death regulatory modes.Cell 30: 1701-1716Abstract (7) malectin-like receptor-like LET1 autoimmunity SUMM2 (SUPPRESSOR OF MKK1 MKK2) MEKK2 (MAP/ERK kinase-2) scaffolding [31.Liu LETUM1 modulates scaffolding.Nat. Plants. 6: 1106-1115Crossref (26) Effector leads termed 1). Cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) analyses show containing ZAR1, RKS1, uridylylated (PBL2UMP) forms wheel-like [32.Wang al.Reconstitution structure conferring immunity.Science. 364aav5870Crossref (368) 1, left). Pentamerization mainly NOD module PBL2UMP being presented rim wheel 2). contrast AvrSr35, remarkably similar Scholar,25.Forderer more study showed oligomeric NRG1 likely formed plasma membrane (PM) [33.Feehan al.Oligomerization requires activation.Proc. 120e2210406120Crossref (3) Interestingly, resistosomes, underlying await further elucidation By comparison, end results right). induced [21.Martin As seen primarily Structural modeling sequestered inactive Scholar,24.Zhao Scholar,32.Wang suggesting oligomerization. it remains unknown whether all resistosomes. Many pairs, executor initiating [34.Xi al.Insight mode action paired receptors.Essays 513-526Crossref (2) Whether how represent challenge understanding mechanisms. cryoEM resistosome, five α1-helices solvent-exposed shaped like channel pore Functional data support ETI. Importantly, electrophysiological evidence supports [35.Bi calcium-permeable triggering 184: 3528-3541Abstract (181) bottom Single molecule imaging hours before loss PM integrity These suggest acts α1 distantly related [36.Adachi al.An motif functionally across species.eLife. 8e49956Crossref (92) Ca2+-channel among Indeed, bears [25.Forderer essential helix well-defined resistosome. It environment funnel-shaped localization shown RPM1 (resistance pv. maculicola [37.El Kasmi F. al.Signaling plasma-membrane self-association full-length protein.Proc. E7385-E7394Crossref (70) RPS2 P. [38.Axtell M.J. Staskawicz B.J. Initiation RPS2-specified coupled AvrRpt2-directed elimination RIN4.Cell. 2003; 112: 369-377Abstract (643) bethamiana Tm-22 [39.Wang NB-ARC domain-mediated CC domain.PLoS Pathog. 16e1008475Crossref (20) ZAR1-like examined. TNL-activated hNLRs, NRG1s, ADR1s display autoactive Scholar,40.Jacob "helper" nonselective cation channels.Science. 373: 420-425Crossref (125) indicating Solanaceae (SD) found noncanonical [41.Seong K. al.Evolution genes wild tomato species.New 227: 1530-1543Crossref (36) themselves structures. undetermined activity. Multiple lines extracellular [42.Xu tale families: channels immunity.Plant 1551-1567Crossref (19) Scholar,43.Kim N.H. al.Con-Ca2+-tenating channels.New 234: 813-818Crossref (8) Elevation concentrations one earliest during Gain-of-function mutations CNGC19/20 (CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE GATED CHANNEL19/20) increased constitutively (enhanced susceptibility 1)- SA (salicylic acid)-dependent [44.Yu X. kinases BAK1/SERK4 channel-mediated cellular homeostasis containment.Curr. 29: 3778-3790Abstract (64) Scholar,45.Zhao mis-regulated cyclic nucleotide-gated cytosolic elevation Arabidopsis.New 230: 1078-1094Crossref (33) Unregulated Sr35, NRG1, ADR1 sufficient recapitulate CNL-mediated eukaryotic Although released internal pools contribute pharmacological blocking compartments ruthenium red (RR) less efficient inhibition HR than blocker LaCl3 [46.Gao heat-activated 6 involved heat shock responses.Plant 2012; 70: 1056-1069Crossref supporting notion major responses. Nuclear [47.Ludke D. yet? Nucleocytoplasmic coordination immunity.New 236: 24-42Crossref mechanism associated enigmatic. Several interact factors [48.Wang al.Diversity, receptors.J. Integr. 63: 283-296Crossref (11) programming nucleus. transcription set genes, other reprogramming. NRG1A PM- nucleus-localized activation, only PM-resident oligomers oligomerization-independent function. Increases nuclear free reported various stresses [49.Pauly nucleus together cytosol generates specific signatures tobacco suspension culture cells.Cell Calcium. 2001; 413-421Crossref 50.van Der Luit A.H. al.Distinct calmodulin expression tobacco.Plant Physiol. 1999; 121: 705-714Crossref 51.Xiong T.C. al.Isolated nuclei mechanical thermal sensors signalling.Plant 2004; 40: 12-21Crossref should kept mind spatial distribution uniform, steep gradients few nanometers away [52.Pangršič al.EF-hand buffers exocytosis sensory hair cells.Proc. E1028-E1037Crossref transported PM-localized and/or reach possible continuum organelle endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Such result An CNGC15 symbiotic oscillation [53.Charpentier al.Nuclear-localized oscillations.Science. 352: 1102-1105Crossref While signals, they TNLs, CNLs, NADases. ATR1-induced significantly enhances activity, holoenzyme enzymatic encoded TIR [54.Wan L. al.TIR NAD+-cleaving enzymes promote death.Science. 365: 799-803Crossref (226) Scholar,55.Horsefield al.NAD+ cleavage animal pathways.Science. 793-799Crossref (244) TIR-only bacterial HopBA1 (RBA1) [56.Nishimura M.T. al.TIR-only RBA1 Arabidopsis.Proc. E2053-E2062Crossref (93) Tetramerization composite sites Scholar,22.Ma [57.Shi SARM1 recognition, small molecules.Mol. 82: 1643-1659Abstract (27) 58.Manik M.K. al.Cyclic ribose isomers: production, chemical structures, signaling.Science. 377eadc8969Crossref 59.Hogrel nucleotide-induced helical effector.Nature. 608: 808-812Crossref analogs PAD4 (phytoalexin deficient 4)

Язык: Английский

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Plant NLR immunity activation and execution: a biochemical perspective

Open Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Plants deploy cell-surface and intracellular receptors to detect pathogen attack trigger innate immune responses. Inside host cells, families of nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins serve as sensors or downstream mediators defence outputs cell death, which prevent disease. Established genetic underpinnings NLR-mediated immunity revealed various strategies plants adopt combat rapidly evolving microbial pathogens. The molecular mechanisms NLR activation signal transmission components controlling execution were less clear. Here, we review recent protein structural biochemical insights plant sensor signalling functions. When put together, the data show how different families, whether transducers, converge on nucleotide-based second messengers cellular calcium confer immunity. Although pathogen-activated NLRs in engage plant-specific machineries promote defence, comparisons with mammalian receptor counterparts highlight some shared working principles for across kingdoms.

Язык: Английский

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Sensor NLR immune proteins activate oligomerization of their NRC helpers in response to plant pathogens

The EMBO Journal, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 42(5)

Опубликована: Дек. 29, 2022

Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity that can function as individual units or pairs networks. Upon activation, NLRs form multiprotein complexes termed resistosomes inflammasomes. Although paired NLRs, such NAIP/NLRC4, hetero-complexes upon the molecular mechanisms underpinning activation especially whether they associate in resistosome hetero-complexes, is unknown. In asterid species, NLR required for cell death (NRC) receptor network composed multiple resistance protein sensors downstream helpers confer against diverse pathogens. Here, we show pathogen effector-activation proteins Rx (confers virus resistance), Bs2 bacterial resistance) leads to oligomerization their helper NLR, NRC2. Activated does not oligomerize enter into a stable complex with NRC2 oligomer remains cytoplasmic. contrast, activated oligomers accumulate membrane-associated puncta. We propose an activation-and-release model NRC network. This points distinct compared mammalian NLRs.

Язык: Английский

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The helper NLR immune protein NRC3 mediates the hypersensitive cell death caused by the cell-surface receptor Cf-4

PLoS Genetics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 18(9), С. e1010414 - e1010414

Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2022

Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate immune responses that can include the hypersensitive cell death. However, pathways link PRRs to death response are poorly understood. Here, we show receptor-like protein Cf-4 requires intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) NRC3 trigger a confluent upon detection of fungal effector Avr4 in leaves Nicotiana benthamiana . This activity an intact N-terminal MADA motif, conserved signature coiled-coil (CC)-type plant NLRs is required for resistosome-mediated responses. A chimeric with α1 helix Arabidopsis ZAR1 swapped into retains capacity mediate Pathogen effectors acting as suppressors suppress Cf-4-triggered cell-death. Our findings NLR resistosome model caused by PRR.

Язык: Английский

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A potato late blight resistance gene protects against multiple Phytophthora species by recognizing a broadly conserved RXLR-WY effector

Molecular Plant, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 15(9), С. 1457 - 1469

Опубликована: Июль 31, 2022

Species of the genus Phytophthora, plant killer, cause disease and reduce yields in many crop plants. Although Resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Rpi) genes effective against potato late blight have been cloned, few cloned other species. Most Rpi encode nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) immune receptor proteins that recognize RXLR (Arg-X-Leu-Arg) effectors. However, whether NLR can effectors from multiple species has rarely investigated. Here, we identified a new RXLR-WY effector AVRamr3 P. is recognized by Rpi-amr3 wild Solanaceae Solanum americanum. associates with planta. broadly conserved different species, recognition homologs activates resistance pathogens, including tobacco black shank cacao pod pathogens parasitica palmivora. thus first characterized gene acts or These findings suggest novel path redeploy known R important pathogens.

Язык: Английский

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