Functional benefits of cognitively driven pupil‐size changes

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(3)

Опубликована: Дек. 27, 2023

Abstract Pupil‐size changes are typically associated with the pupil light response (PLR), where they driven by physical entry of into eye. However, pupil‐size also influenced various cognitive processes, higher‐level cognition. For example, strength PLR is not solely affected properties but factors, such as whether source attended or not, which results in an increase decrease PLR. Surprisingly, although cognitively have been focus extensive research, their possible functions rarely discussed. Here we consider relative (dis)advantages small versus large pupils different situations from a theoretical point view, and compare these to empirical showing how size actually situations. Based on this, suggest that optimize vision either through preparation, embodied representations, differential emphasis central peripheral vision. More generally, argue form sensory tuning: subtle adjustment eyes for current situation immediate future. This article categorized under: Neuroscience > Cognition Physiology Behavior

Язык: Английский

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Melanopsin driven enhancement of cone-mediated visual processing

Vision Research, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 160, С. 72 - 81

Опубликована: Май 21, 2019

Язык: Английский

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Melanopsin photoreception differentially modulates rod-mediated and cone-mediated human temporal vision

iScience, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 25(7), С. 104529 - 104529

Опубликована: Июнь 3, 2022

To evaluate the nature of interactions between visual pathways transmitting slower melanopsin and faster rod cone signals, we implement a temporal phase summation paradigm in human observers using photoreceptor-directed stimuli. We show that stimulation interacts with alters both rod-mediated cone-mediated vision regardless whether it is perceptually visible or not. Melanopsin-rod result either inhibitory facilitatory depending on frequency photoreceptor pathway contrast sensitivity. Moreover, by isolating vision, reveal bipartite intensity response property photopic lighting extends its operational range at lower frequencies to beyond classic saturation limits but expense attenuating sensitivity higher frequencies. In comparison, melanopsin-cone always lead facilitation. These can be described linear probability summations potentially involve multiple intraretinal cortical set

Язык: Английский

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The Effects of Short-Term Light Adaptation on the Human Post-Illumination Pupil Response

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 57(13), С. 5672 - 5672

Опубликована: Окт. 25, 2016

We determine the effect of short-term light adaptation on pupil reflex and melanopsin mediated post-illumination response (PIPR). Inner outer retinal photoreceptor contributions to dark-adapted were estimated.In Experiment A, was studied using short wavelength lights ranging from subthreshold suprathreshold irradiances for signaling that presented before (5-60 seconds) after (30 a melanopsin-exciting stimulus pulse. quantified constriction poststimulus amplitudes during dark (PIPR) (poststimulus response, PSPR) adaptation. In B, colored prestimulus adapting univariant or rod excitation.Increasing duration irradiance increased amplitude when normalized baseline but reduced its light-adapted baseline. Light at activation PIPR amplitude, with larger changes longer durations, whereas PSPR became more attenuated increasing irradiances, independent duration. Rod versus melanospin did not alter in condition. Correlations between millimeter eliminated diameter.The findings have implications standardizing paradigms choice metrics both laboratory clinical settings. opposite effects metrics, which should be minimize significant correlations amplitudes.

Язык: Английский

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Chromatic pupillometry for evaluating melanopsin retinal ganglion cell function in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: a review

Frontiers in Psychology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2024

The evaluation of pupillary light reflex (PLR) by chromatic pupillometry may provide a unique insight into specific photoreceptor functions. Chromatic refers to evaluating PLR different wavelengths and intensities in order differentiate outer/inner retinal contributions the PLR. Different protocols have been tested are now established assess in-vivo contribution mediated melanopsin ganglion cells (mRGCs). These intrinsically photosensitive photoreceptors modulate non-image-forming functions eye, which mainly circadian photoentrainment PLR, via projections hypothalamic suprachiasmatic olivary pretectal nucleus, respectively. In this context, has used as an alternative non-invasive tool evaluate mRGC system several clinical settings, including hereditary optic neuropathies, glaucoma, neurodegenerative disorders such Parkinson’s disease (PD), idiopathic/isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), Alzheimer’s (AD). purpose article is review key steps for studying mRGC-system functionality main findings technique research setting on neurodegeneration. mRGC-dependent responses short-wavelength sensitive, higher threshold activation, much slower sustained compared with rod- cone-mediated responses, driving tonic component during exposure high-irradiance continuous stimulus. Thus, mRGCs contribute post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) bright blue flash that persists after stimulation switched off. Given role photoentrainment, use perform functional mRGcs be proposed early biomarker mRGC-dysfunction characterized and/or dysfunction AD, PD, its prodromal phase iRBD. lay groundwork new, easily accessible can exploited also starting point future longitudinal cohort studies aimed at stratifying risk conversion these disorders.

Язык: Английский

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Do sleep and circadian characteristics predict alcohol use in adult drinkers?

Alcohol Clinical and Experimental Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 48(4), С. 680 - 691

Опубликована: Март 28, 2024

Abstract Background While sleep and circadian rhythms are recognized contributors to the risk for alcohol use related problems, few studies have examined whether objective measures can predict future in humans, no such been conducted adults. This study any baseline and/or characteristics of otherwise healthy adults predicted their over subsequent 12 months. Methods Participants (21–42 years) included 28 light 50 heavy drinkers. At baseline, a comprehensive range self‐reported sleep/circadian was assessed via questionnaires, wrist actigraphy, measurement dim melatonin onset photoreceptor responsivity. Following this, number alcoholic drinks per week binge drinking episodes month were quarterly Anticipated effects (stimulation, sedation, rewarding aspects) also Analyses generalized linear mixed‐effects models causal mediation analysis. Results Across measures, only insomnia symptoms longer total time at more binges ( p s <0.02). There trend anticipated effect wanting 6‐month timepoint mediate relationship between months = 0.069). Conclusions These results suggest that adults, symptoms, even if subclinical, significant predictor drinking, appear outweigh influence factors on least Insomnia may be modifiable target reducing misuse.

Язык: Английский

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The ipRGC‐driven pupil response with light exposure and refractive error in children

Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 38(5), С. 503 - 515

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2018

Abstract Purpose The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ip RGC s) signal environmental light, control pupil size and entrain circadian rhythm. There is speculation that ip s may be involved in the protective effects of light exposure myopia. Here, ‐driven response was evaluated children examined with refractive error. Methods Children ages 5–15 years participated. Subjects wore an actigraph device prior to lab visit for objective measures sleep. For pupillometry, left eye dilated presented stimuli, consensual measured right eye. Pupil measurements were preceded by 5 min dark adaptation. In Experiment 1 ( n = 14), long wavelength (‘red,’ 651 nm, 167 cd m −2 ) 10 increasing intensities short (‘blue,’ 456 0.167–167 a 60 interstimulus interval. A piecewise two‐segment regression fit stimulus function determine functional melanopsin threshold. responses analysed over previous 24 h. 2 42), three red blue alternating stimuli Following additional 5‐min adaption, experiment repeated. metrics included peak constriction, 6 30 post‐illumination PIPR ), early late area under curve AUC ). measurements, cycloplegic error axial length measured. Results 1, demonstrated graded intensity mean threshold 6.2 ± 4.5 (range: 0.84–16.7 associated 24‐h high (33.3 83.3 , p < 0.005 both). 2, there no associations between significantly increased Trial compared 1. Conclusions robust similar previously adult population. exposure. status this cohort.

Язык: Английский

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Melanopsin Contribution to Pupillary Light Reflex and Brightness Perception Based on a 65-Inch Four-Primary Projected Display

Photonics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 12(1), С. 88 - 88

Опубликована: Янв. 19, 2025

Melanopsin contribution to visual and non-visual effect has drawn widespread concern. However, research about whether this can be applied display system design is limited. Here, a four-primary was designed constructed based on three projectors with filters realize isolation control of melanopsin cones, 65-inch uniform area achieved. The melanopic luminance metamers (higher lower) different colours have been modulated thusly. pupillary light reflex (PLR) brightness perception explored under luminous environment 300 lx ensure the saturation rod. results showed that higher level contributed delayed contraction maintenance. Moreover, log relationship found between equivalent daylight maintenance parameters coefficient determination more than 0.85. Furthermore, stimuli appeared brighter, indicating perception.

Язык: Английский

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Detection of Parkinson's Disease Through Automated Pupil Tracking of the Post-illumination Pupillary Response

Frontiers in Medicine, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 8

Опубликована: Март 25, 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, but it often diagnosed after majority dopaminergic cells are already damaged. It critical to develop biomarkers identify as early possible for intervention. PD patients appear have an altered pupillary response consistent with abnormality in photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells. Tracking pupil size manually a tedious process and offline automated systems can be prone errors that may require intervention; this reason work we describe system estimation user interface allow rapid adjustment parameters extraction interest present study. We implemented user-friendly designed clinicians automate tracking diameter measure post-illumination (PIPR), permit manual corrections when needed, continue automation correction. was using Kalman filter estimating center over time. The resulting tested on classification task which subjects known similar responses two wavelengths light. measured contralateral eye different light stimuli (470 610 nm) 19 10 control subjects. Net PIPR indicating responsiveness 0.13 mm 0.61 subjects, demonstrating highly significant difference ( p &lt; 0.001). has potential biomarker PD, suggesting further study determine clinical validity.

Язык: Английский

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Melanopsin Vision

Опубликована: Дек. 15, 2022

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are the most recently discovered photoreceptor class in human retina. This Element integrates new knowledge and perspectives from visual neuroscience, psychology, sleep science architecture to discuss how melanopsin-mediated ipRGC functions can be measured their circuits manipulated. It reveals contemporary emerging lighting technologies as powerful tools set mind, brain behaviour.

Язык: Английский

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