Emerging Tick-Borne Viruses in the Twenty-First Century

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 7

Опубликована: Июль 11, 2017

Ticks, as a group, are second only to mosquitos vectors of pathogens humans and the primary vector for livestock, companion animals wildlife. The role ticks in transmission viruses has been known over one hundred years yet new pathogenic still being detected continually spreading geographic locations continually. Partly result their novelty, tick-virus interactions at an early stage understanding. For some viruses, even principal tick-vector is not known. It likely that tick-borne will continue emerge challenge public veterinary health long into 21st century. However, studies focusing on tick saliva, critical component feeding, virus target control diseases, point towards solutions emerging viruses. aim this review describe currently causative also discuss reasons emergenceto research virus-tick interactions. Through focus area, future protein targets intervention vaccine development may be identified.

Язык: Английский

---

Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 7

Опубликована: Июль 26, 2017

Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% tick species known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) RNA some which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found emerge re-emerge recently. In order survive nature, must infect replicate both vertebrate cells, representing very different physiological environments. Information on molecular mechanisms that allow switch between infecting replicating cells is scarce. general, ticks succeed completing their blood meal thanks a plethora biologically active molecules saliva counteract modulate arms the host defence responses (haemostasis, inflammation, innate acquired immunity, wound healing). The transmission occurs primarily during feeding complex process, promoted by constituents. However, underlying poorly understood. Immunomodulatory properties helping overcome first line injury early interactions at tick-host skin interface appear essential successful infection susceptible hosts. local site attachment, modulated saliva, an important focus replication. Immunomodulation attachment also promotes co-feeding from infected non-infected absence viraemia (non-viraemic transmission). Future research should aimed identification key salivary promoting transmission, description tick-host-virus tick-mediated immunomodulation. Such insights will enable rationale design anti-tick vaccines protect against disease caused viruses.

Язык: Английский

---

Controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases…looking forward

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9(5), С. 1354 - 1357

Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2018

Язык: Английский

---

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 7

Опубликована: Май 26, 2017

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is transmitted to humans by bite of infected ticks or direct contact with blood tissues viremic patients animals. It causes a severe disease fatality up 30%. The current knowledge about the vector-host-CCHFV interactions very limited due high-level containment required for CCHFV studies. Among ticks, Hyalomma spp. are considered most competent vectors. evades tick immune response, and following its replication in lining tick's midgut, it disseminated hemolymph salivary glands reproductive organs. introduction gland secretions into host cells major route via which enters host. Following an initial amplification at site inoculation, spread target Apoptosis induced both intrinsic extrinsic pathways. Genetic factors status may affect release cytokines play role progression outcome. expected that use new technology metabolomics, transcriptomics proteomics will lead improved understanding CCHFV-host identify potential targets blocking transmission.

Язык: Английский

---

Anaplasma phagocytophilumincreases the levels of histone modifying enzymes to inhibit cell apoptosis and facilitate pathogen infection in the tick vectorIxodes scapularis

Epigenetics, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 11(4), С. 303 - 319

Опубликована: Март 28, 2016

Epigenetic mechanisms have not been characterized in ticks despite their importance as vectors of human and animal diseases worldwide. The objective this study was to characterize the histones histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) tick vector Ixodes scapularis role during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. We first identified 5 34 HMEs I. comparison with similar proteins model organisms. Then, we used transcriptomic proteomic data analyze mRNA protein levels response A. infection tissues cultured cells. Finally, selected were functionally by pharmacological studies results suggest that manipulates cell epigenetics increase p300/CBP, deacetylase, Sirtuin levels, resulting an inhibition apoptosis turn facilitates pathogen multiplication. These also a compensatory mechanism might exist which regulate transcription tissue-specific manner facilitate infection, but preserving fitness guarantee survival both pathogens ticks. Our indicates arthropod vertebrate ways inhibit host regulation biological processes is essential element principal actors involved likely provide clues for development anti-tick drugs vaccines.

Язык: Английский

---

Factors affecting the microbiome of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 15(5), С. e0232398 - e0232398

Опубликована: Май 15, 2020

The microbial community composition of disease vectors can impact pathogen establishment and transmission as well on vector behavior fitness. While data microbiota are accumulating quickly, determinants the variation in communities incompletely understood. We explored microbiome two human-biting tick species abundant eastern North America (Amblyomma americanum Ixodes scapularis) to identify relative contribution species, life stage, sex, environmental context vertical richness, diversity, microbiome. sampled 89 adult nymphal scapularis (N = 49) Amblyomma 40) from field sites characterized each individual using v3-v4 hypervariable region 16S rRNA gene. identified significant due stage with lesser sampling site. Compared unfed nymphs males, engorged female I. scapularis, egg masses they produced, were low bacterial richness diversity dominated by Rickettsia, suggesting strong this genus. Likewise, A. males more diverse than those females. Among bacteria public health importance, we detected several different Rickettsia sequence types, which distinct known species. Borrelia was relatively common but did not show same level Rickettsia. Several genera significantly over-represented Borrelia-infected a potential interaction facilitative relationship between these taxa; no OTUs under-represented ticks. systematic conducted for study allowed us partition function tick- environmentally-related factors. Upon complete understanding forces that shape it will be possible design targeted experimental studies test impacts taxa suites microbes vector-borne biology.

Язык: Английский

---

Tick galactosyltransferases are involved in α-Gal synthesis and play a role during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and Ixodes scapularis tick vector development

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 8(1)

Опубликована: Сен. 17, 2018

Abstract The carbohydrate Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal) is produced in all mammals except for humans, apes and old world monkeys that lost the ability to synthetize this carbohydrate. Therefore, humans can produce high antibody titers against α-Gal. Anti-α-Gal IgE antibodies have been associated with tick-induced allergy (i.e. α-Gal syndrome) anti-α-Gal IgG/IgM may be involved protection malaria, leishmaniasis Chagas disease. on tick salivary proteins plays an important role etiology of syndrome. However, whether ticks are able endogenous remains currently unknown. In study, Ixodes scapularis genome was searched galactosyltransferases three genes were identified as potentially synthesis Heterologous gene expression α-Gal-negative cells knockdown confirmed these essential feeding. Furthermore, shown play tick-pathogen interactions. Results suggested increased levels response Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection control bacterial infection. These results provided molecular basis production vector development, interactions possibly syndrome humans.

Язык: Английский

---

Pathogens Manipulating Tick Behavior—Through a Glass, Darkly

Pathogens, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 9(8), С. 664 - 664

Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2020

Pathogens can manipulate the phenotypic traits of their hosts and vectors, maximizing own fitness. Among that be modified, manipulating vector behavior represents one most fascinating facets. How pathogens infection affects behavioral key insect vectors has been extensively investigated. Major examples include Plasmodium, Leishmania Trypanosoma spp. mosquitoes, sand flies kissing bugs, respectively. However, research on how modify tick is patchy. This review focuses current knowledge about changes triggered by Anaplasma, Borrelia, Babesia, Bartonella, Rickettsia tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in analyzing potential adaptive significance. As a general trend, being infected Borrelia TBEV boosts mobility (both questing walking activity). Anaplasma magnifies Ixodes desiccation resistance, triggering physiological (Borrelia: higher fat reserves; Anaplasma: synthesis heat shock proteins). also improves cold resistance ticks through an antifreeze glycoprotein. Being Babesia leads to increased survival. Bartonella facilitates blood engorgement. In last section, challenges for future studies are outlined.

Язык: Английский

---

Arthropod-borne pathogens of dogs and cats: From pathways and times of transmission to disease control

Veterinary Parasitology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 251, С. 68 - 77

Опубликована: Дек. 27, 2017

Язык: Английский

---

Functional Evolution of Subolesin/Akirin

Frontiers in Physiology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 9

Опубликована: Ноя. 13, 2018

The Subolesin/Akirin constitutes a good model for the study of functional evolution because these proteins have been conserved throughout metazoan and play role in regulation different biological processes. Here, we investigated evolutionary history with recent results on their structure, protein-protein interactions function species to provide insights into regulatory proteins, potential as vaccine antigens control ectoparasite infestations pathogen infection. suggest that evolved conserving not only its sequence but also cell interactome regulome response infection other This conservation provides platform further characterization how can meet species-specific demands. Furthermore, correlates protective capacity shown by formulations arthropod species. These encourage research characterize structure develop new combining interacting multiple

Язык: Английский

---