The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(4), С. 2115 - 2140

Опубликована: Сен. 11, 2019

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as rewarding, and influenced genetic, developmental, psychosocial factors that mediate drug accessibility, norms, social support systems or lack thereof. The reinforcing effects of drugs mostly depend on dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens, chronic exposure triggers glutamatergic-mediated neuroadaptations striato-thalamo-cortical (predominantly prefrontal cortical regions including orbitofrontal cortex anterior cingulate cortex) limbic pathways (amygdala hippocampus) that, vulnerable individuals, can result addiction. In parallel, changes extended amygdala negative emotional states perpetuate taking an attempt to temporarily alleviate them. Counterintuitively, addicted person, actual associated with attenuated increase brain reward regions, might contribute drug-taking behavior compensate for difference between magnitude expected triggered conditioning cues experience it. Combined, these enhanced motivation "seek drug" (energized increases cues) impaired top-down self-regulation favors compulsive against backdrop emotionality interoceptive awareness "drug hunger." Treatment interventions intended reverse show promise therapeutic approaches

Язык: Английский

---

Prefrontal cortex circuits in depression and anxiety: contribution of discrete neuronal populations and target regions

Molecular Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 25(11), С. 2742 - 2758

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2020

Язык: Английский

---

The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognition, ageing and dementia

Brain Communications, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 3(3)

Опубликована: Июнь 8, 2021

Abstract Humans require a plethora of higher cognitive skills to perform executive functions, such as reasoning, planning, language and social interactions, which are regulated predominantly by the prefrontal cortex. The cortex comprises lateral, medial orbitofrontal regions. In primates, lateral is further separated into respective dorsal ventral subregions. However, all these regions have variably been implicated in several fronto-subcortical circuits. Dysfunction circuits has highlighted vascular other neurocognitive disorders. Recent advances suggest plays an important regulatory role numerous including attention, inhibitory control, habit formation working, spatial or long-term memory. appears highly interconnected with subcortical (thalamus, amygdala hippocampus) exerts top-down control over various domains stimuli. Much our knowledge comes from rodent models using precise lesions electrophysiology readouts specific locations. Although, anatomical disparities compared primate homologue apparent, current effectively neural substrate decline within ageing dementia. Human brain connectivity-based neuroimaging demonstrated that large-scale networks, default mode network, equally for cognition. there little consensus on how functional connectivity specifically changes during pathological states. context previous work rodents non-human we attempt convey understanding its measured resting-state MRI associated disorders, prodromal dementia states, Alzheimer’s disease, post-ischaemic stroke, Parkinsonism frontotemporal Previous cross-sectional studies abnormalities consistently found network across both disorders disease impairment. Distinct disease-specific patterns alterations networks appear feature whilst detrimental impairments independently structural aberrations, grey matter atrophy. These also precede may be driven ageing-related mechanisms. supports utility potential biomarker therapeutic target dementia-associated conditions. Yet, associations still validation longitudinal larger sample sizes.

Язык: Английский

---

Where is Cingulate Cortex? A Cross-Species View

Trends in Neurosciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 43(5), С. 285 - 299

Опубликована: Апрель 10, 2020

Cingulate cortex is a hub of cognitive and emotional control, it highly preserved across mammals. As such, much our knowledge on cingulate relies synthesis findings species.One crucial obstacle to such cross-species comparisons striking discrepancy in anatomical definitions. In most mammals, the border between subregions drawn along rostrocaudal axis, but mice rats has been routinely perpendicularly this axis.This rarely discussed given rise apparent inconsistencies structure function, within species.A homologous nomenclature species was proposed 2005, so far used relevant studies.We argue that applying definition aligns function rodent with other species. It also better reflects inherent itself. To compare species, neuroscience homologies, particularly terms brain areas. For cortex, implicated behavioural adaptation mammals available – currently not employed by researchers. The standard partitioning inconsistent any model including humans. Reviewing existing literature, we show results studies those reveals clearer structural functional organisation Based these insights, call for widespread adoption nomenclature, reinterpretation previous originally based nonhomologous cortex. Evolutionary success depends ability operate flexibly changing environment. This encompasses skills as planning tasks, selecting among sensory inputs, inhibiting learned actions, over-riding automatic behaviours. Such operations are mediated large extent prefrontal circuits [1.Rainer G. Behavioral flexibility frontal lobe.Neuron. 2007; 53: 321-323Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar]. Prefrontal consists several substructures, them plays central role various functions related flexibility, ranging from autonomic regulation action selection performance monitoring both health [2.Allman J.M. et al.The anterior cortex.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006; 935: 107-117Crossref Scholar, 3.Etkin A. al.Emotional processing medial cortex.Trends Cogn. 2011; 15: 85-93Abstract (1590) 4.Rushworth M.F.S. al.Contrasting roles orbitofrontal decisions social behaviour.Trends 11: 168-176Abstract (366) 5.Vogt B.A. Neurobiology Disease. Oxford University Press, 2009Google Scholar] disease [6.Bush al.Anterior dysfunction attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed fMRI counting stroop.Biol. Psychiatry. 1999; 45: 1542-1552Abstract (692) Scholar,7.Marsh A.A. al.Empathic responsiveness amygdala youths psychopathic traits.J. Child Psychol. 2013; 54: 900-910Crossref (143) While evidence broadly suggests can be divided into number structurally functionally distinct regions [5.Vogt Scholar,8.Vogt Submodalities emotion context subregions.Cortex. 2014; 59: 197-202Crossref (38) Scholar,9.Vogt al.Structural dichotomy human midcingulate cortex.Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 18: 3134-3144Crossref (319) Scholar], undergone changes throughout past century. decades, field begun converge system divides axis. two referred (ACC) (MCC), or alternatively have often described ventral ACC (vACC) dorsal (dACC) (for clarity, will adhere ACC/MCC designation article (see Box 1 details history systems cortex). successfully implemented nonhuman primates rabbits, (Figure 1, Key Figure).Box 1History Human CortexHuman remappings over Brodmann [121.Brodmann K. Beiträge zur histologischen lokalisation der grosshirnrinde. III. mitteilung: die rindenfelder niederen affen.J. Neurol. 1909; 4: 177-226Google precingulate postcingulate corresponding what researchers since today known posterior (PCC). However, early 1990s, following advent neuroimaging methods, failed demonstrate uniform activation variety contexts [122.Goodwin G.M. Neuropsychological involvement lobes depression.J. Psychopharmacol. 1997; 115-122Crossref (169) 123.Grossman M. al.Attention sentence deficits Parkinson's disease: cortex.Cereb. Cortex. 1992; 2: 513-525Crossref 124.Nordahl T.E. al.Regional cerebral metabolic asymmetries replicated an independent group patients panic disorder.Biol. 1998; 44: 998-1006Abstract 125.Paus T. al.Role control oculomotor, manual, speech responses: positron emission tomography study.J. Neurophysiol. 1993; 70: 453-469Crossref (696) 126.Vogt al.Functional heterogeneity cortex: executive evaluative regions.Cereb. 435-443Crossref instance, processing; example, tasks involving emotive facial expressions emotionally charged voices, portion perigenual ACC; whereas processing, stimulus–response under load, part ACC, adjacent PCC [3.Etkin Scholar,27.Bush al.Cognitive influences 2000; 215-222Abstract (4296) Scholar].To account observed patterns, subsequently subdivided vACC (indicating segment, surrounding genu corpus callosum; rostral ACC) part, callosum PCC; [127.Devinsky O. al.Contributions behaviour.Brain. 1995; 118: 279-306Crossref Scholar]). Around same time, Vogt Scholar,119.Wang S. its dopamine receptors self-paced cost–benefit decision making rats.Learn. Behav. 2016; 89-99Crossref (4) argued features cytoarchitectural borders, receptor distribution, connectivity profile, well divisions, differ each they should regarded structures altogether, rather than subdivisions 'anterior cingulate' structure. end, [128.Vogt Structural organization areas, neurons, somatodendritic transmitter receptors.in: Cortex Limbic Thalamus. Birkhäuser Boston, 1993: 19-70Crossref introduced which dACC considered (MCC Figure main text). Since publication Vogt's book 2009 wide-ranging literature at favour clear distinction MCC, scientific community increasingly adopted nomenclature. transition proved useful, laying ground integrating data differences connectivity, potential malfunctions comprehensive MCC functioning [15.Vogt Midcingulate structure, connections, diseases.J. Chem. Neuroanat. 74: 28-46Crossref Furthermore, were bolstered could identified consistently primate, rabbit, brains Even though played key elucidating neuronal mechanisms drives [8.Vogt commonly use, more detail later, cannot directly translated virtually [10.Laubach al.What, if anything, cortex?.eNeuro. 2018; 5ENEURO.0315-18.2018Crossref (29) 11.Vogt Paxinos Cytoarchitecture mouse rat homologies.Brain Struct. Funct. 219: 185-192Crossref (135) 12.Lee I.-S. al.A new animal placebo analgesia: dopaminergic reward learning.Sci. Rep. 2015; 5: 17140Crossref 13.Rovira V. Geijo-Barrientos E. Intra- interhemispheric propagation electrophysiological synchronous activity modulation serotonin juvenile mice.PLoS One. 11e0150092Crossref (1) Specifically, typically applied rodents area (Cg1) 2 (Cg2), drawing Cg1 Cg2 exactly Scholar,11.Vogt Scholar,14.Fillinger C. al.Afferents areas 24a 24b 24a′ 24b′ mouse.Brain 222: 1509-1532Crossref (14) Scholar,15.Vogt result, cover parts would mammalian breakdown comparability first addressed al. [16.Vogt al.Architecture neurocytology monkey gyrus.J. Comp. 2005; 485: 218-239Crossref (150) Scholar]; map generated validated [11.Vogt covering 24, 25, 32, A24′ (from here on, denoted A, e.g., 24 = A24). recent versions atlases [17.Franklin K.B.J. Paxinos' Franklin's Mouse Brain Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic 2013Google Scholar,18.Paxinos Watson Watson's Rat 2014Google only sparsely even [14.Fillinger Scholar,19.Tan L.L. pathway insula gates nociceptive hypersensitivity.Nat. 2017; 20: 1591-1601Crossref (36) 20.van Heukelum al.Aggression BALB/cJ differentially predicted volumes cortex.Brain 224: 1009-1019Crossref (2) 21.Fillinger al.Efferents 223: 1747-1778PubMed Recently, Laubach traced current usage different definitions By tracking appearance >10 000 humans, primates, rodents, authors able explicitly lack consensus constitutes step towards unified approach, their review (partly view breadth) did address how nomenclatures reflect actual anatomical/functional boundaries Here, set out add perspective. distinctiveness either Cg1/Cg2 Our suggest reconciles clarifies sections, briefly introduce benchmark, then discuss competing implications. We conclude recommendations future may provide grounds comparison synergy. third (A24a–c, A25, A32, A33), while occupies middle (A24a′–c′, A32′, A33′). Both pregenual (pACC) subgenual (sACC), (aMCC) (pMCC; 2A , zoom-in inset). additionally contains specifically, retrosplenial (RSC) focuses solely section, mainly summarize diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging investigated patterns MCC. Due limited spatial resolution techniques, difficult make specific statements about exact laminar origin termination projections. thus use term refer existence tracts regions. Like all connected strong connections (OFC), ventromedial (vmPFC), dorsolateral (dlPFC) [22.Beckmann al.Connectivity-based parcellation relation specialization.J. 2009; 29: 1175-1190Crossref (513) 23.Koski L. Paus Functional lobe: brain-mapping meta-analysis.Exp. Res. 133: 55-65Crossref 24.Neubert F.-X. al.Connectivity relationship reward-guided learning cortex.Proc. Natl. 112: E2695-E2704Crossref Apart this, relate purposes. strongly connects involved salience, motivation, vmPFC. Connections brainstem nuclei mostly centred sACC, extensive amygdala, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens (NAc), periaqueductal grey (PAG) seen sACC pACC. contrast, making, dlPFC, sensorimotor parietal motor cortices pontine PAG nuclei. cingulospinal area. aMCC receives moderate amygdalar input, input absent pMCC. Unlike default-mode network, salience network [25.Palomero-Gallagher al.Cytology architecture cortex.J. 2008; 508: 906-926Crossref Scholar,26.Seeley W.W. al.Dissociable intrinsic networks control.J. 27: 2349-2356Crossref (3730) 2B summarizes profiles importance highlighted and/or lesions, who reported suffer diverse symptoms, apathy, dysregulation functions, emotion, attention, error [27.Bush Scholar,28.Løvstad control: lesions dorsomedial 2012; 80: 237-249Crossref few work expanded initial findings, demonstrating serves responses, assessing motivational aspects internal external information [29.Stevens F.L. unique cognition emotion.J. Neuropsychiatry. 23: 121-125Crossref (152) seeing faces listening reliably activate [30.Killgore W.D.S. Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Activation during nonconscious sad versus happy faces.NeuroImage. 2004; 21: 1215-1223Crossref (215) Consistent ACC's interconnection nuclei, one robust electrical stimulation depresses [31.Cechetto D.F. Cortical nervous system.Exp. Physiol. 99: 326-331Crossref (55) leading reduced blood pressure/heart rate, respiratory inhibition. play facets response selection, attentional conflict, detecting errors MCC's decision-making seems especially pronounced reward-based [32.Rushworth M.F. Behrens Choice, uncertainty value cortex.Nat. 389-397Crossref (540) Scholar,33.Heilbronner S.R. Hayden B.Y. Dorsal bottom-up view.Annu. Rev. 39: 149-170Crossref Given multitude task domains, overarching theory establish topic intense debate [34.Kolling al.Multiple signals cortex.Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 37: 36-43Crossref (99) Scholar,35.Shenhav al.Dorsal control.Nat. 19: 1286-1291Crossref Overall, multiple updating beliefs models environment guide [36.Kolling al.Value, search, persistence 1280-1285Crossref (136) Studies using sophisticated designs shown active code complementary task-related parameters [37.Kolling al.Prospection, perseverance, insight sequential behavior.Neuron. 1069-1082.e1067Abstract (13) 3 found contribute. popular defines subareas: Cg2, located dorsally 4A ). A24b A24b′ A24a A24a′. A25 treated separate [infralimbic (IL) prelimibic (PL), respectively; 4A]. 4 show, although mice,

Язык: Английский

---

Circuit organization of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex

Trends in Neurosciences, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 44(7), С. 550 - 563

Опубликована: Май 7, 2021

Язык: Английский

---

Bidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal dynamics organize information transfer during sleep in humans

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 8, 2019

How are memories transferred from short-term to long-term storage? Systems-level memory consolidation is thought be dependent on the coordinated interplay of cortical slow waves, thalamo-cortical sleep spindles and hippocampal ripple oscillations. However, it currently unclear how selective interaction these cardinal oscillations organized support information reactivation transfer. Here, using human intracranial recordings, we demonstrate that prefrontal cortex plays a key role in organizing ripple-mediated transfer during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. We reveal temporally precise form coupling between slow-wave spindle oscillations, which actively dictates hippocampal-neocortical dialogue Our results suggest model sleeping brain rapid bidirectional interactions, triggered by cortex, mediate activation optimally time subsequent neocortex NREM

Язык: Английский

---

Prefrontal Cortex Development in Health and Disease: Lessons from Rodents and Humans

Trends in Neurosciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 44(3), С. 227 - 240

Опубликована: Ноя. 24, 2020

The role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) takes center stage among unanswered questions in modern neuroscience. PFC has a Janus-faced nature: it enables sophisticated cognitive and social abilities that reach their maximum expression humans, yet underlies some devastating symptoms psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, appropriate development is crucial for many high-order dysregulation this process been linked to various neuropsychiatric diseases. Reviewing recent advances field, with primary focus on rodents we highlight why, despite differences across species, cross-species approach fruitful strategy understanding development. We briefly review developmental contribution molecules extensively discuss how electrical activity controls early maturation wiring areas, as well emergence refinement input-output circuitry involved processing. Finally, mechanisms dysfunction relevance

Язык: Английский

---

The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders

Neuropsychopharmacology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 47(1), С. 260 - 275

Опубликована: Авг. 16, 2021

Язык: Английский

---

Is There a ‘Social’ Brain? Implementations and Algorithms

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 24(10), С. 802 - 813

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2020

A central question in psychology and neuroscience is the extent to which social behaviour subserved by dedicated processes or systems that are 'socially specific' shared with other 'non-social' cognitive, perceptual, motor faculties.We suggest a process can be socially specific at different levels of explanation. This approach could help clarify role mirror neurons contexts whether learning uniquely 'social'. Experimental design should guided an appreciation specificity possible levels.Examining across species give unique clues about implementations algorithms. For example, converging evidence highlights anterior cingulate gyrus as crucial for processing implementations, 'theory mind' putative algorithm. fundamental cognitive neural specialised behaviour, faculties. Here we apply influential framework Marr (1982) research humans, monkeys, rodents propose information understood 'social' levels. We argue implementational and/or algorithmic level, changing goal also change specificity. provide important new insights into nature species, facilitate greater integration, inspire novel theoretical empirical approaches. Many behaviours occur context. Social behaviours, some form, exhibited surprisingly broad array from single-celled microorganisms [1.Crespi B.J. The evolution behavior microorganisms.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2001; 16: 178-183Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (387) Google Scholar] [2.Chen P. Hong W. Neural circuit mechanisms behavior.Neuron. 2018; 98: 16-30Abstract (174) Scholar], fish [3.Bshary R. et al.Social cognition fishes.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2014; 18: 465-471Abstract (92) primates [4.Wittmann M.K. al.Neural primates.Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 41: 99-118Crossref (58) Scholar]. However, core there processes, brain areas, circuits, cells manner specific. That is, come online only situations way somehow what required motor, perceptual abilities? draw on pioneering idea Marr's (see Glossary) [5.Marr D. Vision. MIT Press, 1982Google understand test not. may considered level – it encodes algorithm rule being processed non-social domain same used, but area, circuit, cell. Moreover, information-processing system (computational level), such during cooperation competition, specialisation These description often overlooked when studying contexts. contend this lead inaccurate conclusions specialised, call more nuanced phrase 'the brain' beyond its simple connotation. argued that, system, consider multiple explanation computational, algorithmic, (Figure 1) [6.Krakauer J.W. al.Neuroscience needs behavior: correcting reductionist bias.Neuron. 2017; 93: 480-490Abstract (595) highest description, describes 'why' intends perform. if want bird flight cannot do so 'by feathers' first need know fly. second 'what' rules does particular operation? would bird's flapping wings. final implementational, 'how' achieves operation. bird, feathers. How behaviour? computational interactions dictated intentions agent, cooperating, affiliating, competing conspecifics. particular, formalised, model deployed engaging interaction. Lastly, region, cell realised. Although number their independence debated Scholar,7.Bickle J. reductionism.Top. 2015; 7: 299-311Crossref (25) theory provides organising suggesting delineated most point specific, must dissociation between either implemental levels, alternative, similar, domain-general ruled out. offers several debates neuroscience. two notable examples. Mirror 'common currency' accounts encoded based overlap implementation (the neuron fires similarly, fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent, BOLD, response) first- third-person events. Examples include pain self another [8.Lamm C. al.Meta-analytic common distinct networks associated directly experienced empathy pain.Neuroimage. 2011; 54: 2492-2502Crossref (1295) Scholar,9.Fan Y. al.Is network empathy? An quantitative meta-analysis.Neurosci. Biobehav. 35: 903-911Crossref (628) monetary reward [10.Ruff C.C. Fehr E. neurobiology rewards values decision making.Nat. 15: 549-562Crossref (404) Scholar,11.Munuera al.Shared coding hierarchy value primate amygdala.Nat. 21: 415-423Crossref (59) one's own another's action goals [12.Umilta M.A. al.I you doing: neurophysiological study.Neuron. 31: 155-165Abstract (796) Scholar,13.Chong T.T.-J. al.fMRI adaptation reveals human inferior parietal cortex.Curr. Biol. 2008; 1576-1580Abstract (256) interpreted coding' namely both understanding, empathy, has occurred mirroring drawn reference level. What used states another? Without manipulating controlling reflect total absence specificity, implementation, one Indeed, clear monitoring actions. not necessarily aiming reproduce actions ourselves, therefore even likely functional dissociation. measured using carefully controlled designs manipulate them anything means (Box 1).Box 1The Importance Non-Social Control ConditionsWhen designing experiment selective think appropriate control conditions. stems basic principles philosophy science necessity falsification [91.Popper K.R. logic scientific discovery. Basic Books, 1959Google find area responds smiling faces reward, conclude encoding something how rewarding stimulus is? have shown involved any process, share feature. studies monkeys included explicit conditions [21.Apps M.A.J. al.The cognition: tracking motivation others.Neuron. 2016; 90: 692-707Abstract (255) Scholar,42.Lockwood P.L. anatomy empathy: vicarious experience disorders cognition.Behav. Brain Res. 311: 255-266Crossref (124) Scholar,45.Chang S.W.C. al.Neuronal frames decisions frontal cortex.Nat. 2013; 243-250Crossref (203) Scholar,47.Rudebeck P.H. al.A macaque valuation.Science. 2006; 313: 1310-1312Crossref (242) Scholar,50.Carrillo M. al.Emotional rat's 2019; 29: 1301-1312Abstract (85) Scholar,51.Hernandez-Lallement al.Harm others acts negative reinforcer rats.Curr. 2020; 30: 949-961Abstract (33) In 'neither' condition been added, where seen delivered neither monkey nor conspecific [45.Chang Scholar,63.Dal Monte O. al.Specialized medial prefrontal–amygdala coordination other-regarding preference.Nat. 23: 565-574Crossref (46) rodent observational fear conditioning, typical classical conditioning condition, without context, employed try out response aversive mind processing, 'computer' physical object introduced show [65.Balsters J.H. al.Disrupted prediction errors index deficits autism spectrum disorder.Brain. 140: 235-246Crossref (48) Scholar,78.Rilling J.K. correlates within interpersonal interactions.Neuroimage. 2004; 22: 1694-1703Crossref (432) Scholar, 79.Gallagher H.L. Frith C.D. Functional imaging mind'.Trends 2003; 77-83Abstract (1597) 80.Apps al.Reinforcement signals cortex code others' false beliefs.NeuroImage. 64: 1-9Crossref (35) Scholar].However, these always part experimental design. Sometimes very difficult create equally matched shares all attributes except sociality person group. example computer people anthropomorphise still associate worth checking participants perceive condition. It well known geometric shapes moving implies interaction [92.Castelli F. al.Movement mind: study perception interpretation complex intentional movement patterns.Neuroimage. 2000; 12: 314-325Crossref (1006) Therefore, factor creating versus appears beliefs non-social, rather than observed behaviour. clearly Stanley colleagues [93.Stanley al.Effects agency interference observation dot stimulus.J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 2007; 33: 915-926Crossref (115) who 2 × probe perceiving stimuli social. Participants dot-motion animations were instructed they prerecorded computer-generated. They manipulated display followed biologically plausible implausible velocity profiles. told reflected movement, regardless profiles supports inducing When Another major debate requires arises associative [14.Heyes What's learning?.J. Comp. 2012; 126: 193-202Crossref (252) 15.Cook al.Mirror neurons: origin function.Behav. 37: 177-192Crossref (314) 16.Catmur al.Associative sequence learning: development imitation system.Philos. Trans. Soc. B 2009; 364: 2369-2380Crossref (202) There growing algorithms indeed personal Scholar,17.Behrens T.E.J. value.Nature. 456: 245-249Crossref (637) 18.Lockwood Klein-Flügge Computational modelling reinforcement primer.Soc. Affect. (Published March 30, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa040)Crossref (37) 19.Olsson A. learning.Nat. 197-212Crossref (78) 20.Lindström B. differentially mediates direct learning.NeuroImage. 167: 121-129Crossref (41) level? contrast increasing consensus circuits outcomes [17.Behrens Scholar,19.Olsson 21.Apps 22.Lockwood al.Neurocomputational prosocial links empathy.Proc. Natl. Acad. U. S. 113: 9763-9768Crossref (107) 23.Lockwood ownership.Nat. Commun. 9: 4747Crossref (40) 24.Apps al.Vicarious instructing others.J. 2904-2913Crossref (47) 25.Sul al.Spatial gradient representation along prefrontal reflects individual differences prosociality.Proc. 112: 7851-7856Crossref (88) Thus, though same. exemplars, highlight addressed considering addresses. Such inform basis. Key addressing empirically will use held constant, lesion stimulation approaches examine impact disrupting disrupt changed. At might algorithm, (RL) then implemented (learning others) self) Considering dissociate analysis generating aim address critical additional tested, identifying 1). following sections hypothesis key examples field non-human primates, rodents. ask why expect explanation? Evolutionarily, animal adapted environments, and, interact conspecifics, environments too [26.Gabay A.S. Apps Foraging optimally neuroscience: computations methodological considerations.Soc. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa037)Crossref (9) argues abilities navigating through shaped large brains relative animals [27.Reader S.M. Laland K.N. intelligence, innovation, enhanced size primates.Proc. 2002; 99: 4436Crossref (783) 28.Dunbar R.I.M. Neocortex constraint group primates.J. 1992; 469-493Crossref (1372) 29.Dunbar hypothesis.Evol. Anthropol. Issues News 1998; 6: 178-190Crossref (1657) 30.Sawaguchi T. Kudo H. Neocortical structure primates.Primates. 1990; 283-289Crossref preceding intelligence structures evolutionary pressure drove emergence higher [31.Jolly survey order traces progressive life.Am. 1985; 73: 230-239Google Scholar,32.Humphrey N.K. function intellect.in: Bateson P.P.G. Hinde R.A. Growing Points Ethology. Cambridge University 1976: 303-318Google rodents, olfaction vocalisations strongly linked fitness [33.Matsuo al.Genetic dissection pheromone main olfactory system-mediated behaviors mice.Proc. E311-E320Crossref (63) Scholar,34.Asaba al.Sexual attractiveness male chemicals vocalizations mice.Front. 8: 231Crossref (53) follow specialised. although goes saying humans creatures, complexity boundaries particularly widely Scholar,4.Wittmann Scholar,35.Horschler D.J. al.Do really represent beliefs?.Trends June 24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.009)Abstract (28) Scholar,36.Grimm al.Shedding light circuitry: (un)common blueprints rodents.Neuroscientist. 6, https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858420923552)Crossref (8) whereas many agree engage empathising mind, much controversia

Язык: Английский

---

Evolution of prefrontal cortex

Neuropsychopharmacology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 47(1), С. 3 - 19

Опубликована: Авг. 6, 2021

Язык: Английский

---