Pain,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
164(6), С. 1388 - 1401
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2022
Abstract
Physiological
or
pathology-mediated
changes
in
neuronal
activity
trigger
structural
plasticity
of
the
action
potential
generation
site—the
axon
initial
segment
(AIS).
These
affect
intrinsic
excitability,
thus
tuning
and
overall
network
output.
Using
behavioral,
immunohistochemical,
electrophysiological,
computational
approaches,
we
characterized
inflammation-related
AIS
rat's
superficial
(lamina
II)
spinal
cord
dorsal
horn
(SDH)
neurons
established
how
regulates
SDH
neurons,
contributing
to
pain
hypersensitivity.
We
show
that
naive
conditions,
inhibitory
is
located
closer
soma
than
excitatory
neurons.
Shortly
after
inducing
inflammation,
when
inflammatory
hyperalgesia
at
its
peak,
shifted
distally
away
from
soma.
The
shift
location
accompanied
by
decrease
excitability
are
selective
for
reversible.
back
close
soma,
neurons'
increases
baseline
levels
following
recovery
hyperalgesia.
model
predicts
distal
sufficient
these
Our
results
provide
evidence
pain-mediated
central
nervous
system,
which
differentially
affects
contributes
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
140, С. 104793 - 104793
Опубликована: Июль 22, 2022
This
paper
provides
a
critical
review
of
several
possible
mechanisms
at
different
levels
analysis
underlying
the
effects
and
therapeutic
potential
psychedelics.
At
(1)
biochemical
level,
psychedelics
primarily
affect
5-HT2A
receptor,
increase
neuroplasticity,
offer
period
for
social
reward
learning,
have
anti-inflammatory
properties.
(2)
neural
been
associated
with
reduced
efficacy
thalamo-cortical
filtering,
loosening
top-down
predictive
signaling
an
increased
sensitivity
to
bottom-up
prediction
errors,
activation
claustro-cortical-circuit.
(3)
psychological
shown
induce
altered
affective
states,
they
cognition,
belief
change,
exert
effects,
can
result
in
lasting
changes
behavior.
We
outline
unifying
account
contrast
this
model
pluralistic
causation.
Ultimately,
better
understanding
specific
could
allow
more
targeted
approach.
highlight
current
challenges
psychedelic
research
provide
agenda
foster
insight
causal-mechanistic
pathways
therapy.
Cell,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
184(26), С. 6326 - 6343.e32
Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2021
Animals
traversing
different
environments
encounter
both
stable
background
stimuli
and
novel
cues,
which
are
thought
to
be
detected
by
primary
sensory
neurons
then
distinguished
downstream
brain
circuits.
Here,
we
show
that
each
of
the
∼1,000
olfactory
neuron
(OSN)
subtypes
in
mouse
harbors
a
distinct
transcriptome
whose
content
is
precisely
determined
interactions
between
its
odorant
receptor
environment.
This
transcriptional
variation
systematically
organized
support
adaptation:
expression
levels
more
than
70
genes
relevant
transforming
odors
into
spikes
continuously
vary
across
OSN
subtypes,
dynamically
adjust
new
over
hours,
accurately
predict
acute
OSN-specific
odor
responses.
The
periphery
therefore
separates
salient
signals
from
predictable
via
rheostat
moment-to-moment
state
reflects
past
constrains
future;
these
findings
suggest
general
model
structured
within
cell
type
individual
experience.
ABSTRACT
The
mammalian
main
olfactory
bulb
is
a
crucial
processing
centre
for
the
sense
of
smell.
forms
early
during
development
and
functional
from
birth.
However,
system
continues
to
mature
change
throughout
life
as
target
constitutive
adult
neurogenesis.
Our
Review
synthesises
current
knowledge
prenatal,
postnatal
development,
focusing
on
maturation,
morphology,
functions
interactions
its
diverse
constituent
glutamatergic
GABAergic
cell
types.
We
highlight
not
only
great
advances
in
understanding
made
recent
years,
but
also
gaps
our
present
that
most
urgently
require
addressing.
Journal of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
43(6), С. 1051 - 1071
Опубликована: Янв. 3, 2023
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
characterized
by
multiple
symptoms
including
olfactory
dysfunction,
whose
underlying
mechanisms
remain
unclear.
Here,
we
explored
pathologic
changes
in
the
pathway
of
transgenic
(Tg)
mice
both
sexes
expressing
human
A30P
mutant
α-synuclein
(α-syn;
α-syn-Tg
mice)
at
6–7
and
12–14
months
age,
representing
early
late-stages
motor
progression,
respectively.
α-Syn-Tg
late
stages
exhibited
behavioral
deficits,
which
correlated
with
severe
α-syn
pathology
projection
neurons
(PNs)
pathway.
In
parallel,
bulb
(OB)
neurogenesis
was
reduced
OB
granule
cells
six
to
seven
periglomerular
months,
respectively,
could
contribute
dysfunction.
Proteomic
analyses
showed
a
disruption
endocytic
exocytic
pathways
during
appeared
exacerbated
synaptic
terminals
when
developed
deficits
months.
Our
data
suggest
that
(1)
recapitulate
functional
seen
PD;
(2)
structures
exhibit
spatiotemporal
disparities
for
vulnerability
pathology;
(3)
restricted
pathway;
(4)
adult
OB;
(5)
endocytosis
exocytosis
defects
may
further
explain
deficits.
SIGNIFICANCE
STATEMENT
Olfactory
dysfunction
characteristic
symptom
(PD).
Using
(α-syn)-expressing
mouse
model,
demonstrated
appearance
disease,
accompanied
accumulation
system.
This
included
reduction
as
well
vesicular
transport
affecting
function,
are
likely
contributing
Activity-dependent
plasticity
of
the
axon
initial
segment
(AIS)
endows
neurons
with
ability
to
adapt
action
potential
output
changes
in
network
activity.
Action
initiation
at
AIS
highly
depends
on
clustering
voltage-gated
sodium
channels,
but
molecular
mechanisms
regulating
their
remain
largely
unknown.
Here,
we
developed
genetic
tools
label
endogenous
channels
and
scaffolding
protein,
reveal
nanoscale
organization
longitudinally
image
hippocampal
slices
primary
cultures.
We
find
that
N
-methyl-
d
-aspartate
receptor
activation
causes
both
long-term
synaptic
depression
rapid
internalization
within
minutes.
The
clathrin-mediated
endocytosis
distal
increases
threshold
for
generation.
These
data
a
fundamental
mechanism
activity-dependent
reorganization
suggests
intrinsic
excitability
shares
conserved
features
plasticity.
Journal of Neuroinflammation,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
19(1)
Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2022
Abstract
Sinonasal
diseases,
such
as
rhinosinusitis,
affect
up
to
12%
of
individuals
each
year
which
constitutes
these
diseases
some
the
most
common
medical
conditions
in
world.
Exposure
environmental
pathogens
and
toxicants
via
nasal
cavity
can
result
a
severe
inflammatory
state
commonly
observed
conditions.
It
is
well
understood
that
epithelial
neuronal
cells
lining
olfactory
mucosa,
including
sensory
neurons
(OSNs),
are
significantly
damaged
diseases.
Prolonged
inflammation
may
also
lead
hyposmia
or
anosmia.
Although
various
agents
induce
different
ways
distinct
cellular
molecular
interactions,
has
similar
consequences
on
structure
homeostatic
function
bulb
(OB)
first
relay
center
for
information
brain.
Atrophy
OB
occurs
thinning
superficial
layers
nerve
layer,
glomerular
external
plexiform
layer.
Intrabulbar
circuits
include
connectivity
between
projection
neurons,
OSNs,
interneurons
become
dysregulated
synaptic
pruning
dendritic
retraction
take
place.
Furthermore,
glial
other
immune
hyperactivated
results
upregulated
cytokine
production.
Moreover,
many
features
present
case
SARS-CoV-2
infection.
This
review
summarizes
impact
morphological
physiological
rodent
OB.
Cell Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
42(12), С. 113509 - 113509
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2023
Dysregulated
neuronal
excitability
is
a
hallmark
of
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis
(ALS).
We
sought
to
investigate
how
functional
changes
the
axon
initial
segment
(AIS),
site
action
potential
generation,
could
impact
in
ALS
human
induced
pluripotent
stem
cell
(hiPSC)
motor
neurons.
find
that
early
TDP-43
and
C9orf72
hiPSC
neurons
show
an
increase
length
AIS
impaired
activity-dependent
plasticity
linked
abnormal
homeostatic
regulation
activity
intrinsic
hyperexcitability.
In
turn,
these
hyperactive
drive
increased
spontaneous
myofiber
contractions
vitro
units.
contrast,
late
postmortem
shortening,
progress
hypoexcitability.
At
molecular
level,
aberrant
expression
master
scaffolding
protein
ankyrin-G
AIS-specific
voltage-gated
sodium
channels
mirror
dynamic
function
excitability.
Our
results
point
toward
as
important
dysfunction
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2024
Lifelong
neurogenesis
endows
the
mouse
olfactory
system
with
a
capacity
for
regeneration
that
is
unique
in
mammalian
nervous
system.
Throughout
life,
sensory
neurons
(OSNs)
are
generated
from
epithelium
(OE)
stem
cells
nose,
while
subventricular
zone
generates
neuroblasts
migrate
to
bulb
(OB)
and
differentiate
into
multiple
populations
of
inhibitory
interneurons.
Methimazole
(MMZ)
selectively
ablates
OSNs,
but
OE
enables
OSN
repopulation
gradual
recovery
input
OB
within
6
weeks.
However,
it
not
known
how
interneurons
affected
by
this
loss
subsequent
following
MMZ
treatment.
We
found
dopaminergic
neuron
density
was
significantly
reduced
7–14
days
post-MMZ
recovered
substantially
at
35
days.
The
parvalbumin-expressing
unaffected
MMZ;
however,
their
soma
size
post-MMZ,
recovering
Surprisingly,
we
transient
increase
calretinin-expressing
glomerular
external
plexiform
layers,
granule
cell
layer,
7
post-MMZ.
This
could
be
accounted
increased
may
result
calretinin
expression.
Together,
our
data
demonstrate
type-
layer-specific
changes
interneuron
morphology
after
treatment,
providing
new
insight
range
plasticity
mechanisms
employed
circuits
during
input.
eNeuro,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
12(3), С. ENEURO.0407 - 24.2025
Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2025
Mitral
cells
(MCs)
and
tufted
(TCs)
in
the
olfactory
bulb
(OB)
act
as
an
input
convergence
hub
transmit
information
to
higher
areas.
Since
first
characterized,
they
have
been
classed
distinct
projection
neurons
based
on
size
location:
laminarly
arranged
MCs
with
a
diameter
larger
than
20
µm
mitral
layer
(ML)
smaller
TCs
spread
across
both
ML
external
plexiform
layers
(EPL).
Recent
vivo
work
has
shown
that
these
encode
complementary
information,
akin
parallel
channels
other
sensory
systems.
Yet,
many
ex
studies
still
collapse
them
into
single
class,
mitral/tufted,
when
describing
their
physiological
properties
impact
circuit
function.
Using
immunohistochemistry
whole-cell
patch-clamp
electrophysiology
fixed
or
acute
slices
from
adult
mice,
we
attempted
align
data
test
soma
size-based
classifier
of
bulbar
using
passive
intrinsic
firing
properties.
We
found
there
is
no
clear
separation
between
cell
types
active
Rather,
heterogeneous
continuum
three
loosely
clustered
subgroups:
EPL,
putative
ML.
These
findings
illustrate
large
functional
heterogeneity
present
within
OB
complement
existing
literature
highlighting
how
systems
preponderant
possibly
used
decode
complex
information.