Organic agriculture promotes evenness and natural pest control

Nature, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 466(7302), С. 109 - 112

Опубликована: Июнь 29, 2010

Язык: Английский

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Contrasting changes in taxonomic vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation

Ecological Applications, Год журнала: 2010, Номер 20(6), С. 1512 - 1522

Опубликована: Авг. 24, 2010

Human activities have strong impacts on ecosystem functioning through their effect abiotic factors and biodiversity. There is also growing evidence that species functional traits link changes in composition shifts processes. Hence, it appears to be of utmost importance quantify modifications the structure communities after human disturbance addition taxonomic structure. Despite this fact, there still little consensus actual human‐mediated habitat alteration components biodiversity, which include traits. Therefore, we studied diversity (richness evenness), diversity, specialization estuarine fish facing drastic environmental alterations. The Terminos Lagoon (Gulf Mexico) a tropical estuary primary concern for its habitats, resource supply, been severely impacted by activities. Fish were sampled four zones 18 years apart (1980 1998). Two functions performed (food acquisition locomotion) measurement 16 Functional was quantified using three independent components: richness, evenness, divergence. Additionally, measured degree communities. We used null model compare between 1980 1998. Among largest studied, did not show changes. In northern part lagoon, found an increase richness but significant decrease divergence specialization. explain result decline specialized (i.e., those with particular combinations traits), while newly occurring are redundant already present. decreased abundance linked seagrass habitats regressed consecutively increasing eutrophication. paradox our study highlights need multifaceted approach assessment biodiversity under pressure.

Язык: Английский

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Biodiversity in a complex world: consolidation and progress in functional biodiversity research

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 12(12), С. 1405 - 1419

Опубликована: Окт. 22, 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1405–1419 Abstract The global decline of biodiversity caused by human domination ecosystems worldwide is supposed to alter important process rates and state variables in these ecosystems. However, there considerable debate on the prevalence importance effects ecosystem function (BDEF). Here, we argue that much stems from two major shortcomings. First, most studies do not directly link traits leading increased or decreased needed for species coexistence dominance. We implementing a trait‐based approach broadening perception diversity include trait dissimilarity divergence will result more realistic predictions consequences altered biodiversity. Second, empirical theoretical reflect complexity natural ecosystems, which makes it difficult transfer results situations loss. review how different aspects (trophic structure, multifunctionality, spatial temporal heterogeneity, population dynamics) our BDEF. propose future research avenues concisely testing whether acknowledging this strengthen observed effects. Finally, task disentangle direct changes due alterations abiotic constraints.

Язык: Английский

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Mechanisms to Mitigate the Trade-Off between Growth and Defense

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 29(4), С. 666 - 680

Опубликована: Март 20, 2017

Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense response frequently comes with the cost reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying critical implications for natural agricultural populations. This review focuses on how costs are generated whether they can be mitigated. Most well-characterized growth-defense trade-offs stem from antagonistic crosstalk among hormones rather than identified metabolic expenditure. A primary way plants mitigate such is through restricted expression resistance; this achieved inducible genes or by concentration to particular times tissues. Defense pathways primed more effective induction, states transmitted offspring. We examine resistance (

Язык: Английский

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Biodiversity, productivity and the temporal stability of productivity: patterns and processes

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 12(5), С. 443 - 451

Опубликована: Март 10, 2009

Theory predicts that the temporal stability of productivity, measured as ratio mean to standard deviation community biomass, increases with species richness and evenness. We used experimental mixtures grassland plants test this hypothesis identified mechanisms involved. Additionally, we tested whether biodiversity, productivity were similarly influenced by particular types interactions. found was less variable among years in plots planted more species. Temporal did not depend on equally abundant (high evenness) or (realistically low evenness). Greater increased increasing overyielding, asynchrony fluctuations statistical averaging. Species interactions favoured unproductive both biodiversity stability. resulted niche partitioning facilitation Thus, can promote ecosystem services.

Язык: Английский

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Phylogenetic diversity promotes ecosystem stability

Ecology, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 93(sp8)

Опубликована: Март 1, 2012

Ecosystem stability in variable environments depends on the diversity of form and function constituent species. Species phenotypes ecologies are product evolution, evolutionary history represented by co‐occurring species has been shown to be an important predictor ecosystem function. If phylogenetic distance is a surrogate for ecological differences, then greater should buffer ecosystems against environmental variation result stability. We calculated both abundance‐weighted unweighted measures plant community long‐term biodiversity–ecosystem experiment at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. detrended measure aboveground biomass production experimental plots showed that relatedness explained Our results indicate communities where evenly distantly related one another more stable compared relationships clumped. This could sampling effect, some lineages show productivity other lineages, distances reduce chance only unstable groups. However, we failed find evidence similar stabilities among closely Alternatively, found plot variance declined with increasing distances, may represent ecologically different (phylogenetic complementarity). Accounting can reveal how affect

Язык: Английский

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Climate warming reduces the temporal stability of plant community biomass production

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 8(1)

Опубликована: Май 10, 2017

Abstract Anthropogenic climate change has emerged as a critical environmental problem, prompting frequent investigations into its consequences for various ecological systems. Few studies, however, have explored the effect of on stability and underlying mechanisms. We conduct field experiment to assess influence warming altered precipitation temporal plant community biomass in an alpine grassland located Tibetan Plateau. find that whereas alteration does not stability, lowers through reducing degree species asynchrony. Importantly, is influenced by diversity, but largely determined dominant asynchronous population dynamics among coexisting species. Our findings suggest ongoing future may alter properties communities, potentially hindering their ability provide ecosystem services humanity.

Язык: Английский

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Functional Structure of Biological Communities Predicts Ecosystem Multifunctionality

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 6(3), С. e17476 - e17476

Опубликована: Март 10, 2011

The accelerating rate of change in biodiversity patterns, mediated by ever increasing human pressures and global warming, demands a better understanding the relationship between structure biological communities ecosystem functioning (BEF). Recent investigations suggest that functional communities, i.e. composition diversity traits, is main driver ecological processes. However, predictive power BEF research still low, integration all components community as predictors lacking, multifunctionality ecosystems (i.e. rates multiple processes) must be considered. Here, using multiple-processes framework from grassland experiments, we show identity species divergence among species, rather than per se, together promote level with 80%. Our results primary productivity decomposition rates, two key processes upon which carbon cycle depends, are primarily sustained specialist those hold specialized combinations traits perform particular functions. Contrary to studies focusing on single functions considering richness sole measure biodiversity, found linear non-saturating effect multifunctionality. Thus, sustaining would require trait dominance degree specialization, even species-rich assemblages.

Язык: Английский

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Phylogenetic diversity metrics for ecological communities: integrating species richness, abundance and evolutionary history

Ecology Letters, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 13(1), С. 96 - 105

Опубликована: Ноя. 9, 2009

Phylogenetic information is increasingly being used to understand the assembly of biological communities and ecological processes. However, commonly metrics phylogenetic diversity (PD) do not incorporate on relative abundances individuals within a community. In this study, we develop three indices PD that explicitly consider species abundances. First, present metric phylogenetic-abundance evenness evaluates relationship between abundance distribution terminal branch lengths. Second, calculate an index hierarchical imbalance at clade level encapsulating across nodes in phylogeny. Third, abundance-weighted evolutionary distinctiveness generate entropic captures both distances tree topology, also serves as basis evaluate conservation value. These offer measures incorporating different community attributes. We compare these new existing ones, use them explore patterns typical California annual grassland plant Jasper Ridge preserve.

Язык: Английский

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A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 23(11), С. 4946 - 4957

Опубликована: Май 10, 2017

Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness boosting related to agroecosystems. What remains unclear extent affect components other than richness, whether impacts differ across spatial scales landscape contexts. Using metadataset, we quantified effects organic on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), regional fields) arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, detritivores. Both higher in-field enhanced particularly for rare taxa. This resulted increased but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at relative scales, abundance both farms embedded complex simple landscapes. Overall, exerted strongest pollinators suggesting facilitate service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest promote diverse metacommunities provide temporal stability provisioning. Conserving communities systems therefore requires sustainable practices operate fields

Язык: Английский

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