Annual Review of Plant Biology,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
68(1), С. 563 - 586
Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2017
Plant
communities
have
undergone
dramatic
changes
in
recent
centuries,
although
not
all
such
fit
with
the
dominant
biodiversity-crisis
narrative
used
to
describe
them.
At
global
scale,
future
declines
plant
species
diversity
are
highly
likely
given
habitat
conversion
tropics,
few
extinctions
been
documented
for
Anthropocene
date
(<0.1%).
Nonnative
introductions
greatly
increased
richness
many
regions
of
world
at
same
time
that
they
led
creation
new
hybrid
polyploid
by
bringing
previously
isolated
congeners
into
close
contact.
local
primary
vegetation
agriculture
has
decreased
diversity,
whereas
other
drivers
change-e.g.,
climate
warming,
fragmentation,
and
nitrogen
deposition-have
context-dependent
effects,
resulting
a
distribution
temporal
trends
mean
zero.
These
results
prompt
reassessment
how
conservation
goals
defined
justified.
Journal of Ecology,
Год журнала:
2011,
Номер
99(3), С. 656 - 663
Опубликована: Апрель 15, 2011
Summary
1.
Growing
recognition
of
the
importance
climate
extremes
as
drivers
contemporary
and
future
ecological
dynamics
has
led
to
increasing
interest
in
studying
these
locally
globally
important
phenomena.
2.
Many
studies
examining
impacts
what
are
deemed
extremes,
such
heat
waves
severe
drought,
do
not
provide
a
definition
extremity,
either
from
statistical
context
based
on
long‐term
climatic
record
or
perspective
response
system
–
effects
extreme
(unusual
profound)
comparison
normal
variability?
3.
A
synthetic
an
event
(ECE)
is
proposed
that
includes
‘extremeness’
both
driver
response:
ECE
episode
occurrence
which
statistically
rare
unusual
period
alters
ecosystem
structure
and/or
function
well
outside
bounds
considered
typical
variability.
This
accompanied
by
mechanistic
framework
concept
thresholds
associated
with
significant
community
change
altered
must
be
crossed
order
for
occur.
4.
Synthesis
.
ECEs
used
identify
priorities
research
will
enable
ecologists
more
fully
assess
consequences
today
world
where
their
frequency
intensity
expected
increase.
Science,
Год журнала:
2015,
Номер
348(6232), С. 336 - 340
Опубликована: Апрель 16, 2015
Human-driven
environmental
changes
may
simultaneously
affect
the
biodiversity,
productivity,
and
stability
of
Earth's
ecosystems,
but
there
is
no
consensus
on
causal
relationships
linking
these
variables.
Data
from
12
multiyear
experiments
that
manipulate
important
anthropogenic
drivers,
including
plant
diversity,
nitrogen,
carbon
dioxide,
fire,
herbivory,
water,
show
each
driver
influences
ecosystem
productivity.
However,
productivity
only
changed
by
those
drivers
alter
with
a
given
decrease
in
species
numbers
leading
to
quantitatively
similar
regardless
which
caused
biodiversity
loss.
These
results
suggest
change
be
major
factor
determining
how
global
stability.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,
Год журнала:
2010,
Номер
9(6), С. 351 - 357
Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2010
The
global
reach
of
human
activities
affects
all
natural
ecosystems,
so
that
the
environment
is
best
viewed
as
a
social–ecological
system.
Consequently,
more
integrative
approach
to
environmental
science,
one
bridges
biophysical
and
social
domains,
sorely
needed.
Although
models
frameworks
for
systems
exist,
few
are
explicitly
designed
guide
long‐term
interdisciplinary
research
program.
Here,
we
present
an
iterative
framework,
“Press–Pulse
Dynamics”
(PPD),
integrates
sciences
through
understanding
how
behaviors
affect
“press”
“pulse”
dynamics
ecosystem
processes.
Such
processes,
in
turn,
influence
services
–thereby
altering
initiating
feedbacks
impact
original
We
believe
guided
by
PPD
framework
will
lead
thorough
generate
knowledge
needed
address
pervasive
problems.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
110(29), С. 11911 - 11916
Опубликована: Июль 1, 2013
Anthropogenic
drivers
of
environmental
change
often
have
multiple
effects,
including
changes
in
biodiversity,
species
composition,
and
ecosystem
functioning.
It
remains
unknown
whether
such
shifts
biodiversity
composition
may,
themselves,
be
major
contributors
to
the
total,
long-term
impacts
anthropogenic
on
Moreover,
although
numerous
experiments
shown
that
random
losses
impact
functioning
ecosystems,
human-caused
are
rarely
random.
Here
we
use
results
from
grassland
field
test
for
direct
effects
chronic
nutrient
enrichment
productivity,
indirect
productivity
mediated
by
resultant
losses.
We
found
decreased
through
time
most
plots
lost
species.
Chronic
nitrogen
addition
also
led
nonrandom
loss
initially
dominant
native
perennial
C
4
grasses.
This
plant
was
associated
with
twice
as
great
a
per
than
occurred
nearby
experiment.
Thus,
increased
it
species,
which
then
caused
substantial
diminishing
returns
fertilization.
In
contrast,
elevated
CO
2
did
not
decrease
diversity,
consistently
promoted
over
time.
Our
support
hypothesis
can
strongly
depend
how
gradually
restructure
communities.
Ecology,
Год журнала:
2014,
Номер
95(9), С. 2646 - 2656
Опубликована: Март 12, 2014
Climate
change
forecasts
of
more
frequent
climate
extremes
suggest
that
such
events
will
become
increasingly
important
drivers
future
ecosystem
dynamics
and
function.
Because
the
rarity
unpredictability
naturally
occurring
limits
assessment
their
ecological
impacts,
we
experimentally
imposed
extreme
drought
a
mid‐summer
heat
wave
over
two
years
in
central
U.S.
grassland.
While
was
resistant
to
waves,
it
not
drought,
which
reduced
aboveground
net
primary
productivity
(ANPP)
below
lowest
level
measured
this
grassland
almost
30
years.
This
reduction
function
consequence
both
C
4
grasses
3
forbs.
However,
dominant
forb
negatively
impacted
by
than
grass,
led
reordering
species
abundances
within
plant
community.
Although
community
composition
persisted
post‐drought,
ANPP
recovered
completely
year
after
due
rapid
demographic
responses
compensating
for
loss
forb.
Overall,
these
results
show
an
attributable
(e.g.,
low
resistance)
does
preclude
recovery.
Given
dominance
few
is
characteristic
most
ecosystems,
knowledge
traits
be
key
predicting
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,
Год журнала:
2013,
Номер
11(9), С. 474 - 482
Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2013
Recent
climate‐change
research
largely
confirms
the
impacts
on
US
ecosystems
identified
in
2009
National
Climate
Assessment
and
provides
greater
mechanistic
understanding
geographic
specificity
for
those
impacts.
Pervasive
are
that
affect
productivity
of
or
their
ability
to
process
chemical
elements.
Loss
sea
ice,
rapid
warming,
higher
organic
inputs
marine
lake
productivity,
while
combined
wildfire
insect
outbreaks
decrease
forest
mostly
arid
semi‐arid
West.
Forests
wetter
regions
more
productive
owing
warming.
Shifts
species
ranges
so
extensive
by
2100
they
may
alter
biome
composition
across
5–20%
land
area.
Accelerated
losses
nutrients
from
terrestrial
receiving
waters
caused
both
winter
warming
intensification
hydrologic
cycle.
Ecosystem
feedbacks,
especially
associated
with
release
carbon
dioxide
methane
wetlands
thawing
permafrost
soils,
magnify
rate
climate
change.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2012,
Номер
367(1606), С. 3135 - 3144
Опубликована: Окт. 8, 2012
Variability
of
above-ground
net
primary
production
(ANPP)
arid
to
sub-humid
ecosystems
displays
a
closer
association
with
precipitation
when
considered
across
space
(based
on
multiyear
averages
for
different
locations)
than
through
time
year-to-year
change
at
single
locations).
Here,
we
propose
theory
controls
ANPP
based
four
hypotheses
about
legacies
wet
and
dry
years
that
explains
versus
differences
in
ANPP–precipitation
relationships.
We
tested
the
using
16
long-term
series
ANPP.
found
revealed
by
current-
previous-year
conditions
temporal
occur
all
ecosystem
types
from
deserts
mesic
grasslands.
Therefore,
control
significant
fraction
current-year
production.
developed
unified
models
time.
The
relative
importance
current-versus
changes
along
gradient
mean
annual
PPT
decreasing,
whereas
remains
constant
as
increases.
Finally,
our
results
suggest
will
respond
climate-change-driven
alterations
water
availability
and,
more
importantly,
magnitude
response
increase
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
115(7), С. 1424 - 1432
Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2018
Two
foundational
questions
about
sustainability
are
“How
ecosystems
and
the
services
they
provide
going
to
change
in
future?”
do
human
decisions
affect
these
trajectories?”
Answering
requires
an
ability
forecast
ecological
processes.
Unfortunately,
most
forecasts
focus
on
centennial-scale
climate
responses,
therefore
neither
meeting
needs
of
near-term
(daily
decadal)
environmental
decision-making
nor
allowing
comparison
specific,
quantitative
predictions
new
observational
data,
one
strongest
tests
scientific
theory.
Near-term
opportunity
iteratively
cycle
between
performing
analyses
updating
light
evidence.
This
iterative
process
gaining
feedback,
building
experience,
correcting
models
methods
is
critical
for
improving
forecasts.
Iterative,
forecasting
will
accelerate
research,
make
it
more
relevant
society,
inform
sustainable
under
high
uncertainty
adaptive
management.
Here,
we
identify
immediate
societal
needs,
opportunities,
challenges
forecasting.
Over
past
decade,
data
volume,
variety,
accessibility
have
greatly
increased,
but
remain
interoperability,
latency,
quantification.
Similarly,
ecologists
made
considerable
advances
applying
computational,
informatic,
statistical
methods,
opportunities
exist
forecast-specific
theory,
cyberinfrastructure.
Effective
also
require
changes
training,
culture,
institutions.
The
need
start
now;
time
making
ecology
predictive
here,
learning
by
doing
fastest
route
drive
science
forward.
Ecology Letters,
Год журнала:
2012,
Номер
15(8), С. 899 - 911
Опубликована: Май 4, 2012
Climatic
changes,
including
altered
precipitation
regimes,
will
affect
key
ecosystem
processes,
such
as
plant
productivity
and
biodiversity
for
many
terrestrial
ecosystems.
Past
ongoing
experiments
have
been
conducted
to
quantify
these
potential
changes.
An
analysis
of
indicates
that
they
provided
important
information
on
how
water
regulates
processes.
However,
do
not
adequately
represent
global
biomes
nor
forecasted
scenarios
their
contribution
advance
our
understanding
responses
changes
is
therefore
limited,
value
the
development
testing
models.
This
highlights
need
new
in
ambient
climatic
conditions
hitherto
poorly
studied
applying
relevant
complex
frequency
amplitude,
seasonality,
extremity
interactions
with
other
change
drivers.
A
systematic
holistic
approach
investigate
soil
community
characteristics
regimes
consequent
effects
processes
functioning
within
greatly
increase
climate
research
communities.
Experiments
should
specifically
test
leading
exceedance
biological
thresholds
resilience
acclimation.