Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being

Science, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 355(6332)

Опубликована: Март 30, 2017

Consequences of shifting species distributions Climate change is causing geographical redistribution plant and animal globally. These distributional shifts are leading to new ecosystems ecological communities, changes that will affect human society. Pecl et al. review these current future impacts assess their implications for sustainable development goals. Science , this issue p. eaai9214

Язык: Английский

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On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene

Ecosphere, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 6(8), С. 1 - 55

Опубликована: Авг. 1, 2015

Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality associated broad‐scale forest die‐off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures—“hotter drought”, an emerging characteristic the Anthropocene—are focus rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability trees hotter pests pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management policy‐making communities regarding future risks. We summarize key mortality‐relevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels vulnerability. Evidence includes benefits elevated [CO 2 ] water‐use efficiency; observed modeled increases in growth canopy greening; widespread woody‐plant biomass, density, extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; potential mitigation management. In contrast, document more rapid under negative physiological responses accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence rising background rates; projected frequency, intensity, duration; limitations vegetation models such as inadequately represented processes; warming feedbacks from die‐off; wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape but have not been discussed collectively. also present a set global drivers are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) produces droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand nonlinearly temperature during drought; (4) can faster drought, consistent fundamental physiology; (5) shorter frequently than longer become lethal warming, increasing frequency nonlinearly; (6) happens relative intervals needed for recovery. These high‐confidence drivers, concert research supporting perspectives, support overall viewpoint globally. surmise is being discounted part difficulties predicting threshold extreme climate events. Given profound societal implications underestimating highlight urgent challenges management, communities.

Язык: Английский

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A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 29(28), С. 42539 - 42559

Опубликована: Апрель 4, 2022

Язык: Английский

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The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people

Science, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 354(6313)

Опубликована: Ноя. 11, 2016

Accumulating impacts Anthropogenic climate change is now in full swing, our global average temperature already having increased by 1°C from preindustrial levels. Many studies have documented individual of the changing that are particular to species or regions, but accumulating and being amplified more broadly. Scheffers et al. review set been observed across genes, species, ecosystems reveal a world undergoing substantial change. Understanding causes, consequences, potential mitigation these changes will be essential as we move forward into warming world. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aaf7671

Язык: Английский

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Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance

Science, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 349(6250), С. 823 - 826

Опубликована: Авг. 20, 2015

Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to natural dynamics of forest health, exceptional droughts, directly in combination with other disturbance factors, are pushing some temperate forests beyond thresholds sustainability. Interactions from increasing temperatures, drought, pathogens, uncharacteristically severe wildfire resulting mortality the levels 20th-century experience. Additional anthropogenic stressors, atmospheric pollution invasive species, further weaken trees regions. continuing climate change will likely drive many areas toward large-scale transformations, management actions help ease transitions minimize losses socially valued ecosystem services.

Язык: Английский

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Tree mortality from drought, insects, and their interactions in a changing climate

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 208(3), С. 674 - 683

Опубликована: Июнь 9, 2015

Summary Climate change is expected to drive increased tree mortality through drought, heat stress, and insect attacks, with manifold impacts on forest ecosystems. Yet, climate‐induced biotic disturbance agents are largely absent from process‐based ecosystem models. Using data sets the western USA associated studies, we present a framework for determining relative contribution of drought attack, their interactions, which critical modeling in future climates. We outline simple approach that identifies mechanisms two guilds insects – bark beetles defoliators responsible substantial mortality. then discuss cross‐biome patterns insect‐driven draw upon available evidence contrasting prevalence outbreaks temperate tropical regions. conclude an overview tools promising avenues address major challenges. Ultimately, multitrophic captures physiology, populations, tree–insect interactions will better inform projections responses climate change.

Язык: Английский

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Climate change effects on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and natural resource management in the United States

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 733, С. 137782 - 137782

Опубликована: Март 11, 2020

Climate change is a pervasive and growing global threat to biodiversity ecosystems. Here, we present the most up-to-date assessment of climate impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services in U.S. implications for natural resource management. We draw from 4th National Assessment summarize observed projected changes ecosystems explore linkages important services, discuss associated challenges opportunities find that species are responding through morphology behavior, phenology, geographic range shifts, these mediated by plastic evolutionary responses. Responses populations, combined with direct effects (including more extreme events), resulting widespread productivity, interactions, vulnerability biological invasions, other emergent properties. Collectively, alter benefits can provide society. Although not all negative, even positive require costly societal adjustments. Natural managers need proactive, flexible adaptation strategies consider historical future outlooks minimize costs over long term. Many organizations beginning approaches, but implementation yet prevalent or systematic across nation.

Язык: Английский

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The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 22(7), С. 2329 - 2352

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2016

Abstract We synthesize insights from current understanding of drought impacts at stand‐to‐biogeographic scales, including management options, and we identify challenges to be addressed with new research. Large stand‐level shifts underway in western forests already are showing the importance interactions involving drought, insects, fire. Diebacks, changes composition structure, shifting range limits widely observed. In eastern US , effects increasing becoming better understood level individual trees, but this knowledge cannot yet confidently translated predictions changing structure diversity forest stands. While have not experienced types seen recent decades, they too vulnerable could experience significant increased severity, frequency, or duration drought. Throughout continental United States, combination projected large climate‐induced suitable habitat modeling studies limited potential for rapid migration tree populations suggests that biogeography substantially lag underway. Forest practices can partially ameliorate through reductions stand density, selection drought‐tolerant species genotypes, artificial regeneration, development multistructured However, silvicultural treatments also exacerbate unless implemented careful attention site characteristics. Gaps our should motivate research on climate other scale how multiple responses represented models. This assessment indicates that, without a stronger empirical basis scale, more complex models may provide guidance.

Язык: Английский

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Time to get moving: assisted gene flow of forest trees

Evolutionary Applications, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 9(1), С. 271 - 290

Опубликована: Июль 6, 2015

Abstract Geographic variation in trees has been investigated since the mid‐18th century. Similar patterns of clinal have observed along latitudinal and elevational gradients common garden experiments for many temperate boreal species. These studies convinced forest managers that a ‘local is best’ seed source policy was usually safest reforestation. In recent decades, experimental design, phenotyping methods, climatic data statistical analyses improved greatly refined but not radically changed knowledge clines. The maintenance local adaptation despite high gene flow suggests selection to climate strong. Concerns over maladaptation resulting from change motivated new genecological population genomics studies; however, few jurisdictions implemented assisted (AGF), translocation pre‐adapted individuals facilitate planted forests change. Here, we provide evidence tree species show clines sufficiently similar average or models guide AGF absence species‐specific knowledge. Composite provenancing multiple sources can be used increase diversity buffer against future uncertainty. New will continue refine improve as climates warm further.

Язык: Английский

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REVIEW: Searching for resilience: addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes on forest ecosystem services

Journal of Applied Ecology, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 53(1), С. 120 - 129

Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2015

Summary The provisioning of ecosystem services to society is increasingly under pressure from global change. Changing disturbance regimes are particular concern in this context due their high potential impact on structure, function and composition. Resilience‐based stewardship advocated address these changes management, but its operational implementation has remained challenging. We review observed expected impacts provisioning, regulating, cultural supporting services, concentrating temperate boreal forests. Subsequently, we focus resilience as a powerful concept quantify impacts, present an approach towards application using established methods ecology. suggest the range variability – characterizing bounding long‐term behaviour ecosystems locate delineate basins attraction system. System recovery relation can be used measure ecosystems, allowing inferences both engineering (recovery rate) monitoring for regime shifts (directionality trajectory). It important consider dynamic nature properties analysis management decision‐making, processes mechanisms will subject future. Furthermore, because at interface between natural human systems, social dimension (social adaptive capacity variability) requires consideration responding changing Synthesis applications . Based examples forests synthesize principles pathways fostering management. conclude that future work should testing implementing different contexts make more robust advance our understanding how cope with change uncertainty

Язык: Английский

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