Cross-Species Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Virus in the U.S. Dairy Cattle: A Comprehensive Review
Опубликована: Май 31, 2024
There
are
four
types
of
influenza
viruses:
A,
B,
C,
and
D.
Cattle
susceptible
to
D
infection
serve
as
a
reservoir
for
this
seven-segmented
virus.
It
is
generally
thought
that
bovines
not
host
other
viruses
including
type
A.
This
long-standing
viewpoint
has
been
challenged
by
the
recent
highly
pathogenic
avian
(HPAI)
H5N1
outbreaks
in
dairy
cows
United
States.
To
date,
HPAI
spread
into
nine
states
affecting
49
herds
causing
clinical
symptoms
reduced
appetite,
fever,
sudden
drop
milk
production.
review
article
describes
current
epidemiological
landscape
U.S.
interspecies
transmission
events
mammals
reported
countries.
The
also
discusses
adaptation
mutations
mammalian
hosts
vaccination
strategies.
Finally,
it
summarizes
some
immediate
questions
need
be
addressed
towards
better
understanding
biology,
transmission,
immune
response
bovines.
Язык: Английский
Risk Assessment of Spread of the Influenza А Virus in Cows in South Bulgaria
Viruses,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(2), С. 246 - 246
Опубликована: Фев. 11, 2025
In
this
article,
we
present
an
assessment
of
the
risk
potential
introduction
and
spread
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
in
cows
Bulgaria.
spring
2024,
witnessed
unprecedented
virus
dairy
herds
USA.
This
crossing
interspecies
barriers
by
creates
a
real
danger
pandemic
manifestations
humans.
The
continued
H5N1
clade
2.3.4.4b
populations
other
mammalian
species
efficient
animal-to-animal
transmission
increases
infection
subsequent
human
populations.
According
to
registers,
as
1
November
2022,
total
559,544
cattle
were
bred
number
decreased
5.2%
year-on-year
197,996.
Farms
breeding
2022
12,439,
which
is
22.1%
less
than
previous
year.
production
cow's
milk
amounted
748,278
thousand
liters.
Traditionally,
largest
share
yield
occupied
south-central
region
with
25.9%,
followed
southeastern
18.5%.
Due
factors
such
high
concentration
high-risk
areas
for
A,
possibility
HPAI
jumping
barrier
spreading
Bulgaria
very
high.
We
therefore
set
out
assess
penetration
these
herds.
Язык: Английский
Susceptibility of Mammals to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Qualitative Risk Assessment From the Belgian Perspective
Zoonoses and Public Health,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2024
ABSTRACT
Aims
The
world
experienced
a
huge
number
of
outbreaks
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
in
birds,
which
could
represent
one
the
largest
registered
epidemics
infectious
disease
food‐producing
animals.
Therefore,
mammals,
including
humans,
are
continuously
exposed
to
HPAI
viruses
leading
sporadic
and
sometimes
unusual
mammal
infections.
aim
this
paper
is
assess
risk
crossing
avian/mammalian
species
barrier
by
currently
circulating
viruses,
focusing
on
epidemiological
situation
Belgium,
representative
country
for
Western
Europe.
Methods
Results
Information
transmission
pathways
susceptibility,
based
experimental
data,
was
reviewed
weighted
infection
with
A(H5N1)
clade
2.3.4.4b.
This
defined
as
likelihood
birds
crossed
clinical
consequences
animal.
From
Belgian
perspective,
it
concluded
that
remains
‘low’
‘moderate’
captive/domestic
species.
However,
categorised
‘high’
certain
species,
i.e.
mammals
have
opportunity
frequent
direct
or
indirect
close
contacts
infected
(dead)
such
wild
felids,
mustelids,
foxes
marine
carnivore
mammals.
For
some
uncertainty
associated
assessment
high
due
an
ever‐changing
situation.
Conclusions
longer
virus
will
continue
circulate
wildlife/the
environment
stronger
probability
contact
between
become.
increase
related
viral
adaptation
efficient
mammal,
posing
concerns
public
health.
Regular
reassessments
field
data
therefore
necessary
implement
adapt
risk‐based
mitigation
measures.
require
continuous
monitoring
both
well
sharing
sequence
data.
Язык: Английский