Extrapineal melatonin: sources, regulation, and potential functions

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 71(16), С. 2997 - 3025

Опубликована: Фев. 19, 2014

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants

Frontiers in Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 10

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2019

Melatonin is an ancient molecule that can be traced back to the origin of life. Melatonin's initial function was likely as a free radical scavenger. presumably evolved in bacteria; it has been measured both α-proteobacteria and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. In early evolution, bacteria were phagocytosed by primitive eukaryotes for their nutrient value. According endosymbiotic theory, ingested eventually developed symbiotic association with host eukaryotes. The into mitochondria while cyanobacteria became chloroplasts organelles retained ability produce melatonin. Since these have persisted present day, all species ever existed or currently exist may continue synthesize melatonin (animals plants) (plants) where functions antioxidant. other functions, including its multiple receptors, later evolution. day animals, via receptor-mediated means, regulation sleep, modulation circadian rhythms, enhancement immunity, multifunctional oncostatic agent, etc., retaining reduce oxidative stress processes are, part, receptor-independent. plants, continues reducing well promoting seed germination growth, improving resistance, stimulating immune system modulating rhythms; single receptor identified land plants controls stomatal closure on leaves. synthetic pathway varies somewhat between animals. amino acid, tryptophan, necessary precursor taxa. tryptophan initially hydroxylated 5-hydroxytryptophan which then decarboxylated formation serotonin. Serotonin either acetylated

Язык: Английский

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A review of the molecular aspects of melatonin’s anti‐inflammatory actions: recent insights and new perspectives

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2012, Номер 54(1), С. 1 - 14

Опубликована: Май 31, 2012

Melatonin is a highly evolutionary conserved endogenous molecule that mainly produced by the pineal gland, but also other nonendocrine organs, of most mammals including man. In recent years, variety anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have been observed when melatonin applied exogenously under both in vivo vitro conditions. A number studies suggest this indole may exert its through regulation different molecular pathways. It has documented inhibits expression isoforms inducible nitric oxide synthase cyclooxygenase limits production excessive amounts oxide, prostanoids, leukotrienes, as well mediators inflammatory process such cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules. Melatonin's are related to modulation transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor, erythroid 2-related 2, others. on DNA-binding capacity be regulated inhibition protein kinases involved signal transduction, mitogen-activated kinases. This review summarizes research data focusing cell signaling pathways responsible for indole's activity. Although there numerous published reports analyzed melatonin's properties, further necessary elucidate complex regulatory mechanisms cellular types tissues.

Язык: Английский

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Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science

Journal of Experimental Botany, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 63(2), С. 577 - 597

Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2011

The presence of melatonin in plants is universal. Evidence has confirmed that a major portion the synthesized by themselves even though homologue classic arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) not been identified as yet plants. Thus, serotonin N-acetylating enzyme may differ greatly from animal AANAT with regard to sequence and structure. This would imply multiple evolutionary origins enzymes these catalytic properties. A primary function serve first line defence against internal environmental oxidative stressors. much higher levels compared those found animals are thought be compensatory response which lack means mobility, unlike animals, coping harsh environments. Importantly, remarkably high concentrations have measured popular beverages (coffee, tea, wine, beer) crops (corn, rice, wheat, barley, oats). Billions people worldwide consume products daily. beneficial effects on human health derived consumption must considered. also indicates an ability increase production crops. mechanisms involve roles preservation chlorophyll, promotion photosynthesis, stimulation root development. Transgenic enhanced content could probably lead breakthroughs crop agriculture improve general humans.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin: Exceeding Expectations

Physiology, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 29(5), С. 325 - 333

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2014

Melatonin is a small, highly conserved indole with numerous receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions. Receptor-dependent functions include circadian rhythm regulation, sleep, cancer inhibition. The actions relate to melatonin's ability function in the detoxification of free radicals, thereby protecting critical molecules from destructive effects oxidative stress under conditions ischemia/reperfusion injury (stroke, heart attack), ionizing radiation, drug toxicity, among others. has applications physiology medicine.

Язык: Английский

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Reducing oxidative/nitrosative stress: a newly-discovered genre for melatonin

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Год журнала: 2009, Номер 44(4), С. 175 - 200

Опубликована: Июль 6, 2009

The discovery of melatonin and its derivatives as antioxidants has stimulated a very large number studies which have, virtually uniformly, documented the ability these molecules to detoxify harmful reactants reduce molecular damage. These observations have clear clinical implications given that numerous age-related diseases in humans an important free radical component. Moreover, major theory explain processes aging invokes radicals their causative agents. conditions, coupled with loss organisms age, suggest some aspects may be aggravated by diminished levels advanced age. Another corollary this is administration melatonin, uncommonly low toxicity profile, could theoretically defer progression possibly forestall signs aging. Certainly, research next decade will help define role determining successful While increasing life span not necessarily goal investigative efforts, improving health quality aged should aim research.

Язык: Английский

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Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: a review

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2014, Номер 56(3), С. 225 - 237

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2014

Abstract Free radicals generated within subcellular compartments damage macromolecules which lead to severe structural changes and functional alterations of cellular organelles. A manifestation free radical injury biological membranes is the process lipid peroxidation, an autooxidative chain reaction in polyunsaturated fatty acids membrane are substrate. There considerable evidence that tends reduce fluidity. However, adequate levels fluidity essential for proper functioning membranes. Thus, there interest antioxidant molecules able stabilize because their protective effects against peroxidation. Melatonin indoleamine modulates a wide variety endocrine, neural immune functions. Over last two decades, intensive research has proven this molecule, as well its metabolites, possess substantial activity. In addition ability scavenge several reactive oxygen nitrogen species, melatonin increases activity glutathione redox enzymes, is, peroxidase reductase, other enzymes. These beneficial more significant small molecular size amphipathic behaviour, facilitates ease penetration into every compartment. present work, we review current information related maintaining attack, further, discuss implications ageing disease.

Язык: Английский

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Polyphenols and their benefits: A review

International Journal of Food Properties, Год журнала: 2017, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 42

Опубликована: Авг. 4, 2017

"Let food be thy medicine and food" was expressed by Hippocrates more than 2000 years ago the health benefits of natural products have been considered for different goals since ancient times. As phytochemicals, phenolic compounds (PCs) are a major class semi-water-soluble (from fruit vegetable sources) with one or benzene rings that generally found in nature as glycosides. According to review literature, scientists studied many these against pernicious human diseases (HDs). Today, choosing healthy diet has become an essential part living fitness. Many studies shown people who follow specific (especially polyphenol-rich diets) at low risk range chronic diseases, such obesity, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc. The present research is comprehensive on PCs focus HDs seeks find out why some received considerable attention all over world. Data were collected from Scopus database hierarchical cluster analysis used Ward's method analyze data. results showed three countries most involved USA, China, India, also quercetin, catechin, kaempferol PCs. Cardiovascular infectious treatment targets literature share common molecular mode action HDs. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistry, PLOS ONE, Planta Medica popular journals covering original However, this study facilitate future through its findings.Abbreviations: ROS: Reactive oxygen species; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS: 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DMPD: Dimethyl-4-phenylenediamine; COX: Cyclooxygenase; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GalR: galanin receptor; PKC: protein kinase C delta type; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HIV: Immunodeficiency Virus; HDACs; histone deacetylases; SREBP-1c; sterol regulatory element-binding proteins; GLUT: glucose transferase; RAGE: advanced glycation end products; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TNF-α: factor α; C; IRS: insulin substrate; NFκB: nuclear factor-κB; JNK: c-jun amino terminal MAPK: mitogen activated PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase; G6Pase: glucose-6-phosphatase; RNS: reactive nitrogen VLDL: very low-density HDL: high-density CaMK II: calmodulin II; MCP: Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein; JAK: Janus STAT: signal transducers activators transcription; EGFR: epidermal growth VEGF: vascular endothelial factor; VEGFR: PKA: A; PTK: protein-tyrosine kinase;AP-1: activator 1; Her2/neu: 2;mTOR: mechanistic target rapamycin; IL: interleukin; COMT: cathecol-o-methyl UGT: uridine-5ʹ-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase; MMP-2: matrix metalloproteinase-2; AhR: aryl hydrocarbon CYP: cytochrome P450; DR: death TGL: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; EGCG: (-)-epigallocatechingallate; EGC: (-)-epigallocatechin; ECG: (-)-epicatechingallate; EC: (-)-epicatechin; ELK1: ETS domain-containing Elk-1; Mitogen-activated HGFR: hepatocyte HDAC: deacetylase; DNMT: DNA methyl HAT; acetyltransferase; C/EBP-α: CCAAT-enhancer-binding LPL: Lipoprotein lipase; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Язык: Английский

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Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analyses of peripheral melatonin signaling

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 52(2), С. 139 - 166

Опубликована: Сен. 28, 2011

Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several associated factors, and melatonin signaling in maintenance health. Dysfunction endogenous clocks, receptor polymorphisms, age- disease-associated declines likely contribute to numerous diseases including cancer, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, hypertension, mood cognitive disorders. Consequences gene silencing, overexpression, deviant expression levels are summarized. The system a complex network central peripheral some them being relatively independent pacemaker, suprachiasmatic nucleus. Actions on oscillators poorly understood. Various lines evidence indicate that these clocks also influenced or phase-reset by melatonin. This includes phase differences oscillator under impaired signaling, effects knockouts mRNAs proteins. Cross-connections between pathways proteins, discussed this review. high complexity multioscillator comprises alternate parallel based orthologs paralogs components number factors with varying tissue-specific importance, which offers possibilities for interactions It an aim review stimulate research tissues. should not be restricted primary signal molecules but rather include various secondarily connected discriminate direct pineal indoleamine at target organ others mediated modulation oscillators.

Язык: Английский

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The role of melatonin in the cells of the innate immunity: a review

Journal of Pineal Research, Год журнала: 2013, Номер 55(2), С. 103 - 120

Опубликована: Июль 8, 2013

Melatonin is the major secretory product synthesized and secreted by pineal gland shows both a wide distribution within phylogenetically distant organisms from bacteria to humans great functional versatility. In recent years, considerable amount of experimental evidence has accumulated showing relationship between nervous, endocrine, immune systems. The molecular basis communication these systems use common chemical language. this framework, currently melatonin considered one members neuroendocrine-immunological network. A number in vivo vitro studies have documented that plays fundamental role neuroimmunomodulation. Based on information published, it clear majority present data literature relate lymphocytes; thus, they been rather thoroughly investigated, several reviews published related mechanisms action effects lymphocytes. However, few concerning cells belonging innate immunity reported. Innate provides early line defense against microbes consists cellular biochemical mechanisms. review, we focused immunity. More specifically, summarize different belong or participate immunity, such as monocytes-macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast natural killer cells.

Язык: Английский

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