Novel H16N3 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory gulls in China in 2023

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2025

As a rare subtype of avian influenza virus, H16 viruses are predominant in gulls but rarely found domestic birds. The low prevalence has limited our understanding their epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics. In this study, we isolated three novel H16N3 from migratory East Asian–Australasian Flyway eastern China 2023, which significantly different previously identified isolates. To fully understand the genetics characteristics global viruses, compared host divergence several subtypes determined that H13 were predominantly pooled into species by sharing internal genes, whereas waterfowl Anatidae served as primary natural reservoirs H8, H11, H12, H14, H15 subtypes. Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed globally circulating frequent gene reassortment. Furthermore, gull origin collectively donors for newly emerged highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 because H13/H16-like PA, NP, NS genes have been introduced since May 2022 Europe. date, reassortants containing segments detected wild birds resulted mammal human infections. These results improve knowledge ecology emphasize need surveillance to monitor emergence

Язык: Английский

Future Aviary Design: The Science of Circular Flight Aviaries for Avian Welfare

Zoo Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 23, 2025

ABSTRACT Birds are kept in captive settings globally, and many of these birds not flight‐restrained. It is generally considered more ethical to house aviaries than practice flight restraint through wing clipping or pinioning, which means that needed prevent from escaping. Traditionally, rectangular commonly used; may be well designed for bird flight, especially large‐bodied species. In this paper, we draw attention the circular aviary, a design has potential encourage extended without need excessively large exhibit design. Several already used select zoos but there at present, limited empirical evidence on welfare benefits birds. We evaluate tools required assess effects aviary welfare, with focus aspects exercise physiology sometimes overlooked traditional assessments. The also overcome challenges associated breeding complex social structures, such as those benefit being housed flocks yet intolerant other individuals when nesting. Circular aviaries, if developed view generating an base, have improve time becoming restricted globally due disease implications.

Язык: Английский

The One Health challenges and opportunities of the H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle in the United States

Journal of Dairy Science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

Язык: Английский