Abstract
Vitamins
and
essential
minerals
are
micronutrients
that
required
for
the
normal
functioning
of
human
body.
However,
they
may
lead
to
adverse
health
effects
if
consumed
in
excess.
A
tolerable
upper
intake
level
(UL)
is
a
science‐based
reference
value
supports
policy‐makers
other
relevant
actors
managing
risks
excess
nutrient
intake.
EFSA's
principles
establishing
ULs
vitamins
were
originally
developed
by
Scientific
Committee
on
Food
2000.
This
guidance
from
EFSA
Panel
Nutrition,
Novel
Foods
Allergens
provides
an
updated
framework
UL
assessments.
draft
was
published
2022
underwent
2‐year
piloting
period.
The
present
document
incorporates
revisions
based
experience
gained
through
its
practical
implementation.
It
covers
aspects
related
planning
risk
assessment
(problem
formulation
definition
methods)
implementation
(evidence
retrieval,
appraisal,
synthesis,
integration,
uncertainty
analysis).
As
previous
framework,
general
chemicals
food
applied,
i.e.
hazard
identification,
characterisation,
assessment,
characterisation.
Specific
nutrients
their
biochemical
physiological
roles
specific
selective
mechanisms
maintain
systemic
homeostasis
accumulation
Such
considerations
must
also
be
taken
into
account
when
conducting
assessments
nutrients.
Under
European
Union
legislation
(Article
32,
Regulation
(EC)
No
396/2005),
EFSA
is
to
provide
an
annual
report
assessing
the
pesticide
residue
levels
in
foods
on
market.
In
2021,
96.1%
of
overall
87,863
samples
analysed
fell
below
maximum
level
(MRL),
3.9%
exceeded
this
level,
which
2.5%
were
non-compliant,
i.e.
exceeding
MRL
after
accounting
for
measurement
uncertainty.
For
EU-coordinated
multiannual
control
programme
subset,
13,845
2.1%
and
1.3%
non-compliant.
To
assess
acute
chronic
risk
consumer
health,
dietary
exposure
residues
was
estimated
compared
with
available
health-based
guidance
values
(HBGVs).
A
new
pilot
methodology
based
probabilistic
assessment
introduced
probability
subjects
being
expose
exceedance
HBGV.
Recommendations
manager
are
given
increase
effectiveness
systems
ensure
a
high
protection
throughout
EU.
Abstract
Under
European
Union
legislation
(Article
32,
Regulation
(EC)
No
396/2005),
the
Food
Safety
Authority
provides
an
annual
report
assessing
pesticide
residue
levels
in
foods
on
market.
In
2022,
96.3%
of
overall
110,829
samples
analysed
fell
below
maximum
level
(MRL),
3.7%
exceeded
this
level,
which
2.2%
were
non-compliant,
i.e.
results
a
given
sample
MRL
after
taking
into
account
measurement
uncertainty.
For
EU-coordinated
multiannual
control
programme
subset,
11,727
0.9%
non-compliant.
To
assess
acute
and
chronic
risk
to
consumer
health,
dietary
exposure
residues
was
estimated
compared
with
available
health-based
guidance
values
(HBGV).
Continuation
probabilistic
assessment
methodology
consolidated
all
pesticides
listed
2022
EU
providing
probability
being
exposed
exceedance
HBGV.
Overall,
assessed
consumer's
health
is
low.
Recommendations
managers
are
increase
effectiveness
systems
ensure
high
protection
throughout
EU.
Copper
is
an
essential
micronutrient
and
also
a
regulated
product
used
in
organic
conventional
farming
pest
management.
Both
deficiency
excessive
exposure
to
copper
can
have
adverse
health
effects.
In
this
Scientific
Opinion,
the
EFSA
2021
harmonised
approach
for
establishing
health-based
guidance
values
(HBGVs)
substances
that
are
products
nutrients
was
resolve
divergent
existing
HBGVs
copper.
The
tightly
homeostasis
prevents
toxicity
manifestation
short
term,
but
development
of
chronic
dependent
on
its
tissue
retention.
Evidence
from
Wilson
disease
suggests
hepatic
retention
indicative
potential
future
possibly
sudden
onset
under
conditions
continuous
intake.
Hence,
emphasis
placed
as
early
marker
relationships
between
(a)
body,
particularly
liver,
(b)
concentrations
evidence
were
examined.
Committee
(SC)
concludes
no
expected
occur
with
intake
5
mg/day
established
Acceptable
Daily
Intake
(ADI)
0.07
mg/kg
bw.
A
refined
dietary
assessment
performed,
assessing
contribution
non-dietary
sources.
Background
levels
significant
source
use
plant
protection
(PPP),
food
feed
additives
or
fertilisers
negligible.
PPPs
contributes
accumulation
soil.
Infant
formula
follow-on
important
contributors
infants
toddlers.
Contribution
non-oral
sources
Dietary
total
does
not
exceed
HBGV
adolescents,
adults,
elderly
very
elderly.
Neither
nor
effects
estimated
children
due
higher
nutrient
requirements
related
growth.
Abstract
The
European
Commission
requested
EFSA
to
update
the
scientific
guidance
for
preparation
of
applications
authorisation
novel
foods,
previously
developed
following
adoption
Regulation
(EU)
2015/2283
on
foods.
This
document
provides
advice
information
needed
be
submitted
by
applicant
towards
demonstrating
safety
food.
Requirements
pertain
description
food,
production
process,
compositional
data,
specifications,
proposed
uses
and
use
levels
anticipated
intake
Furthermore,
in
sections
history
food
and/or
its
source,
absorption,
distribution,
metabolism,
excretion,
toxicological
information,
nutritional
allergenicity
is
also
described.
should
integrate
interpret
data
presented
different
provide
their
overall
considerations
how
supports
under
conditions
use.
Where
potential
health
hazards
have
been
identified,
they
are
discussed
relation
target
populations.
On
basis
provided,
will
assess
Molecules,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
28(7), С. 2920 - 2920
Опубликована: Март 24, 2023
Due
to
its
built-up
chemoresistance
after
prolonged
usage,
the
demand
for
replacing
platinum
in
metal-based
drugs
(MBD)
is
rising.
The
first
MBD
approved
by
FDA
cancer
therapy
was
cisplatin
1978.
Even
nearly
four
and
a
half
decades
of
trials,
there
has
been
no
significant
improvement
osteosarcoma
(OS)
therapy.
In
fact,
many
have
developed,
but
problem
raised
remains
unresolved.
This
motivates
us
elucidate
possibilities
copper
zinc
(CuZn)
combination
replace
MBD.
Thus,
anti-chemoresistance
properties
CuZn
their
physiological
functions
OS
are
highlighted.
Herein,
we
summarise
chelators,
main
organic
solvents,
ligand
structures
that
involved
properties.
Through
this
review,
it
rational
discuss
ligands'
roles
as
biosensors
drug
delivery
systems.
Hereafter,
an
in-depth
understanding
redox
photoactive
function
relationships
provided.
disadvantage
other
cannot
be
elaborated
on
here.
As
result,
review
being
which
expected
intensify
with
higher
cure
rates.
Nonetheless,
advancement
intends
solve
major
obstacle
towards
clinical
efficacy.
Toxicology Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11, С. 413 - 419
Опубликована: Окт. 24, 2023
This
study
focuses
on
the
health
risk
assessment
of
arsenic
(As),
copper
(Cu),
zinc
(Zn),
and
selenium
(Se)
concentrations
in
seafood
species
commonly
consumed
northwestern
region
Croatia.
By
measuring
these
elements
coupled
with
data
consumption,
risks
were
evaluated
using
Target
Hazard
Quotients
Indexes.
The
results
indicate
a
slightly
increased
linked
to
consumption
for
As,
Cu
Zn
some
tested
species.
findings
this
highlight
critical
need
stronger
food
quality
control
measures,
especially
targeting
certain
types
seafood.
