International Journal of Health Sciences,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
9(1), С. 89 - 108
Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2025
Influenza
viruses
have
caused
outbreaks
and
pandemics
throughout
human
history
until
Covid-19
been
considered
the
group
of
with
largest
potential
for
pandemics.
Avian
influenza
cause
zoonotic
diseases,
including
birds,
mammals,
humans.
This
review
focuses
on
H5N1
because
it
is
highly
pathogenic
generated
most
common
clades
among
current
ones
(e.g.
2.3.4.4).
Since
first
goose
that
was
infected
in
Guangdong,
China
by
A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96
(H5N1)
1996,
has
undergone
many
events
reassortment
other
accumulated
amino
acid
substitutions
10
proteins
are
encoded
genome.
The
will
follow
through
examples
such
evolutionary
permitted
virus
to
spread
across
world,
as
well
animal
species.
Hallmark
mutations
permit
or
prevent
selective
binding
receptors
bird
mammal
host
cells
be
identified.
journey
NorthAtlantic
fly
way
from
Europe
North
South
America,
culminating
reported
death
United
States
explained.
concludes
state
vaccines
anti-virals
an
assessment
author
situation.
Animals,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(9), С. 1372 - 1372
Опубликована: Май 2, 2024
Avian
influenza
viruses
(AIVs)
are
highly
contagious
respiratory
of
birds,
leading
to
significant
morbidity
and
mortality
globally
causing
substantial
economic
losses
the
poultry
industry
agriculture.
Since
their
first
isolation
in
2013–2014,
Asian-origin
H5
pathogenic
avian
(HPAI)
clade
2.3.4.4b
have
undergone
unprecedented
evolution
reassortment
internal
gene
segments.
In
just
a
few
years,
it
supplanted
other
AIV
clades,
now
is
widespread
wild
migratory
waterfowl,
spreading
Asia,
Europe,
Africa,
Americas.
Wild
natural
reservoir
LPAIVs
generally
more
resistant
disease,
also
manifested
high
with
HPAIV
2.3.4.4b.
This
caused
overt
clinical
signs
mass
variety
mammalian
species
never
reported
before,
such
as
raptors,
seabirds,
sealions,
foxes,
others.
Most
notably,
recent
outbreaks
dairy
cattle
were
associated
emergence
critical
mutations
related
adaptation,
raising
concerns
about
possibility
jumping
acquisition
sustained
human-to-human
transmission.
The
main
anatomopathological
findings
virus
infection
birds
non-human
mammals
hereby
summarized.
Emerging infectious diseases,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
29(8)
Опубликована: Июль 13, 2023
We
detected
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
A(H5N1)
clade
2.3.4.4b
virus
in
a
domestic
cat
that
lived
near
duck
farm
infected
by
closely
related
France
during
December
2022.
Enhanced
surveillance
of
symptomatic
carnivores
contact
with
birds
is
recommended
to
prevent
further
spread
mammals
and
humans.
Between
2
December
2023
and
15
March
2024,
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5)
outbreaks
were
reported
in
domestic
(227)
wild
(414)
birds
across
26
countries
Europe.
Compared
to
previous
years,
although
still
widespread,
the
overall
number
of
HPAI
virus
detections
was
significantly
lower,
among
other
reasons,
possibly
due
some
level
flock
immunity
previously
affected
bird
species,
resulting
reduced
contamination
environment,
a
different
composition
circulating
A(H5N1)
genotypes.
Most
poultry
primary
following
introduction
by
birds.
Outside
Europe,
majority
clustered
North
America,
while
spread
more
naïve
populations
on
mainland
Antarctica
is
particular
concern.
For
mammals,
A(H5N5)
for
first
time
goat
kids
United
States
America
represented
natural
infection
ruminants.
Since
last
report
as
12
five
human
infections,
including
one
death,
three
which
clade
2.3.2.1c
viruses,
have
been
Cambodia.
China
has
two
fatal
case,
with
A(H5N6),
four
infections
A(H9N2)
case
co-infection
seasonal
A(H3N2)
A(H10N5).
The
latter
documented
Human
remain
rare
no
sustained
human-to-human
observed.
risk
currently
H5
viruses
2.3.4.4b
Europe
remains
low
general
population
EU/EEA.
moderate
those
occupationally
or
otherwise
exposed
infected
animals.
Between
2
September
and
1
December
2023,
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5)
outbreaks
were
reported
in
domestic
(88)
wild
(175)
birds
across
23
countries
Europe.Compared
to
previous
years,
the
increase
number
of
HPAI
virus
detections
waterfowl
has
been
delayed,
possibly
due
a
later
start
autumn
migration
several
bird
species.Common
cranes
most
frequently
affected
species
during
this
reporting
period
with
mortality
events
being
described
European
countries.Most
poultry
primary
following
introduction
by
birds,
exception
Hungary,
where
two
clusters
involving
secondary
spread
occurred.HPAI
viruses
identified
Europe
belonged
eleven
different
genotypes,
seven
which
new.With
regard
mammals,
serological
survey
conducted
all
fur
farms
Finland
revealed
29
additional
serologically
positive
period.Wild
mammals
continued
be
mostly
Americas,
from
further
into
Antarctic
region
was
for
first
time.Since
last
report
as
three
fatal
one
severe
human
A(H5N1)
infection
clade
2.3.2.1c
have
Cambodia,
A(H9N2)
China.No
infections
related
animals
reported,
remain
rare
event.The
risk
currently
circulating
H5
2.3.4.4b
remains
low
general
population
EU/EEA.The
moderate
occupationally
or
otherwise
exposed
people
infected
(wild
domesticated);
assessment
covers
situations
that
depend
on
level
exposure.
Since
2016,
A(H5Nx)
high
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
virus
of
clade
2.3.4.4b
has
become
one
the
most
serious
global
threats
not
only
to
wild
and
domestic
birds,
but
also
public
health.
In
recent
years,
important
changes
in
ecology,
epidemiology,
evolution
this
have
been
reported,
with
an
unprecedented
diffusion
variety
affected
birds
mammalian
species.
After
two
consecutive
devastating
epidemic
waves
Europe
2020-2021
2021-2022,
second
recognized
as
largest
epidemics
recorded
so
far,
begun
circulate
endemically
European
bird
populations.
This
study
used
complete
genomes
1,956
HPAI
viruses
investigate
during
varying
epidemiological
outline.
We
investigated
spatiotemporal
patterns
to/from
within
2021-2022
waves,
providing
evidence
ongoing
transmission
dynamics
disease
epidemiology.
demonstrated
genetic
diversity
circulating
viruses,
which
undergone
frequent
reassortment
events,
for
first
time
a
overview
proposed
nomenclature
multiple
genotypes
2020-2022.
described
emergence
new
genotype
gull
adapted
genes,
offered
opportunity
occupy
ecological
niches,
driving
endemicity
population.
The
propensity
reassortment,
its
jumps
progressively
wider
number
host
species,
including
mammals,
rapid
acquisition
adaptive
mutations
make
trend
spread
difficult
predict
unfailing
evolving
scenario.
Abstract
Avian
influenza
viruses
(AIV)
remain
prevalent
among
wild
bird
populations
in
the
European
Union
and
Economic
Area
(EU/EEA),
leading
to
significant
illness
death
of
birds.
Transmission
between
mammal
species
has
been
observed,
particularly
fur
animal
farms,
where
outbreaks
have
reported.
While
transmission
from
infected
birds
humans
is
rare,
there
instances
exposure
these
since
2020
without
any
symptomatic
infections
reported
EU/EEA.
However,
continue
evolve
globally,
with
migration
birds,
new
strains
carrying
potential
mutations
for
mammalian
adaptation
could
be
selected.
If
avian
A(H5N1)
acquire
ability
spread
efficiently
humans,
large-scale
occur
due
lack
immune
defences
against
H5
humans.
The
emergence
AIV
capable
infecting
mammals,
including
can
facilitated
by
various
drivers.
Some
intrinsic
drivers
are
related
virus
characteristics
or
host
susceptibility.
Other
extrinsic
may
increase
mammals
thereby
stimulating
mutation
mammals.
Extrinsic
include
ecology
species,
such
as
wildlife,
human
activities
like
farming
practices
use
natural
resources,
climatic
environmental
factors.
One
Health
measures
mitigate
risk
adapting
focus
on
limiting
preventing
spread.
Key
options
actions
enhancing
surveillance
targeting
animals,
ensuring
access
rapid
diagnostics,
promoting
collaboration
sectors,
considering
implementation
preventive
vaccination
poultry.
Effective
communication
different
involved
target
audiences
should
emphasised,
well
strengthening
veterinary
infrastructure,
enforcing
biosecurity
at
reducing
wildlife
contact
domestic
animals.
Careful
planning
poultry
farming,
especially
areas
high
waterfowl
density,
highlighted
effective
reduction.
Abstract
Between
21
September
and
6
December
2024,
657
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
A(H5N1)
A(H5N5)
virus
detections
were
reported
in
domestic
(341)
wild
(316)
birds
across
27
countries
Europe.
Many
HPAI
outbreaks
clustered
areas
with
high
poultry
density
characterised
by
secondary
farm‐to‐farm
spread.
Waterfowl,
particularly
the
mute
swan,
primarily
affected
during
this
reporting
period,
focused
on
south‐eastern
Notably,
viruses
expanded
their
geographic
host
range,
resulting
a
surge
mortality
events
described
gulls
crows.
No
new
mammals
Europe
but
number
of
dairy
cattle
farms
reportedly
United
States
America
(USA)
rose
to
>800
16
States,
was
identified
two
pigs
mixed‐species
farm.
11
56
human
cases
infection
from
North
(45
cases),
Viet
Nam
(one
A(H5))
China
(ten
A(H9N2)
cases).
Most
A(H5)
(95.6%,
n
=
43/45)
had
exposure
poultry,
live
markets,
or
prior
detection
onset
illness.
Human
infections
remain
rare
no
evidence
human‐to‐human
transmission
has
been
documented
period.
The
risk
currently
circulating
clade
2.3.4.4b
remains
low
for
general
public
European
Union/European
Economic
Area
(EU/EEA).
low‐to‐moderate
those
occupationally
otherwise
exposed
infected
animals
contaminated
environments.
Highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
has
caused
widespread
mortality
in
both
wild
and
domestic
birds
Europe
2020-2023.
In
July
2023,
HPAI
A(H5N1)
was
detected
on
27
fur
farms
Finland.
total,
infections
silver
blue
foxes,
American
minks
raccoon
dogs
were
confirmed
by
RT-PCR.
The
pathological
findings
the
animals
include
inflammatory
lesions
lungs,
brain
liver,
indicating
efficient
systemic
dissemination
of
virus.
Phylogenetic
analysis
Finnish
strains
from
identified
three
clusters
(Finland
I-III),
molecular
analyses
revealed
emergence
mutations
known
to
facilitate
viral
adaptation
mammals
PB2
NA
proteins.
Findings
spatially
temporally
connected
with
mass
mortalities
birds.
mechanisms
virus
transmission
within
between
have
not
been
conclusively
identified,
but
several
different
routes
relating
limited
biosecurity
are
implicated.
outbreak
managed
close
collaboration
animal
human
health
authorities
mitigate
monitor
impact
for
health.
Microorganisms,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(4), С. 689 - 689
Опубликована: Март 29, 2024
In
summer
2023,
during
an
outbreak
of
highly
pathogenic
avian
influenza
(HPAI)
in
cats
Poland,
a
16-year-old
dog
was
presented
to
the
veterinary
clinic
with
persistent,
debilitating,
dry
cough,
submandibular
lymphadenomegaly,
mild
serous
nasal
discharge,
and
left
apical
heart
murmur.
A
preliminary
diagnosis
kennel
cough
made
treatment
amoxicillin/clavulanic
acid
dexamethasone
initiated.
Due
lack
improvement
within
2
days,
blood
check-up,
thoracic
radiography
ultrasonography,
echocardiography
were
performed.
Moreover,
rapid
test
for
orthomyxovirus
type
antigen
throat
swab
carried
out
proved
positive.
The
result
verified
using
RT-qPCR,
which
yielded
positive
A/H5N1
virus
negative
results
A/H1N1,
A/H3N2,
B
influenza,
SARS-CoV-2.
This
case
indicates
that
HPAI
should
be
considered
as
differential
not
only
cats,
but
also
dogs
upper
respiratory
tract
disease,
particularly
regions
experiencing
outbreaks.