Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals

Animals, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(9), С. 1372 - 1372

Опубликована: Май 2, 2024

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally causing substantial economic losses the poultry industry agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013–2014, Asian-origin H5 pathogenic avian (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution reassortment internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, now is widespread wild migratory waterfowl, spreading Asia, Europe, Africa, Americas. Wild natural reservoir LPAIVs generally more resistant disease, also manifested high with HPAIV 2.3.4.4b. This caused overt clinical signs mass variety mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, others. Most notably, recent outbreaks dairy cattle were associated emergence critical mutations related adaptation, raising concerns about possibility jumping acquisition sustained human-to-human transmission. The main anatomopathological findings virus infection birds non-human mammals hereby summarized.

Язык: Английский

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus in Domestic Cat, France, 2022

Emerging infectious diseases, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 29(8)

Опубликована: Июль 13, 2023

We detected highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in a domestic cat that lived near duck farm infected by closely related France during December 2022. Enhanced surveillance of symptomatic carnivores contact with birds is recommended to prevent further spread mammals and humans.

Язык: Английский

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Avian influenza overview December 2023–March 2024

EFSA Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22(3)

Опубликована: Март 1, 2024

Between 2 December 2023 and 15 March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (227) wild (414) birds across 26 countries Europe. Compared to previous years, although still widespread, the overall number of HPAI virus detections was significantly lower, among other reasons, possibly due some level flock immunity previously affected bird species, resulting reduced contamination environment, a different composition circulating A(H5N1) genotypes. Most poultry primary following introduction by birds. Outside Europe, majority clustered North America, while spread more naïve populations on mainland Antarctica is particular concern. For mammals, A(H5N5) for first time goat kids United States America represented natural infection ruminants. Since last report as 12 five human infections, including one death, three which clade 2.3.2.1c viruses, have been Cambodia. China has two fatal case, with A(H5N6), four infections A(H9N2) case co-infection seasonal A(H3N2) A(H10N5). The latter documented Human remain rare no sustained human-to-human observed. risk currently H5 viruses 2.3.4.4b Europe remains low general population EU/EEA. moderate those occupationally or otherwise exposed infected animals.

Язык: Английский

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Avian influenza overview September–December 2023

EFSA Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(12)

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2023

Between 2 September and 1 December 2023, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) outbreaks were reported in domestic (88) wild (175) birds across 23 countries Europe.Compared to previous years, the increase number of HPAI virus detections waterfowl has been delayed, possibly due a later start autumn migration several bird species.Common cranes most frequently affected species during this reporting period with mortality events being described European countries.Most poultry primary following introduction by birds, exception Hungary, where two clusters involving secondary spread occurred.HPAI viruses identified Europe belonged eleven different genotypes, seven which new.With regard mammals, serological survey conducted all fur farms Finland revealed 29 additional serologically positive period.Wild mammals continued be mostly Americas, from further into Antarctic region was for first time.Since last report as three fatal one severe human A(H5N1) infection clade 2.3.2.1c have Cambodia, A(H9N2) China.No infections related animals reported, remain rare event.The risk currently circulating H5 2.3.4.4b remains low general population EU/EEA.The moderate occupationally or otherwise exposed people infected (wild domesticated); assessment covers situations that depend on level exposure.

Язык: Английский

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High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe—Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict

Virus Evolution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also public health. In recent years, important changes in ecology, epidemiology, evolution this have been reported, with an unprecedented diffusion variety affected birds mammalian species. After two consecutive devastating epidemic waves Europe 2020-2021 2021-2022, second recognized as largest epidemics recorded so far, begun circulate endemically European bird populations. This study used complete genomes 1,956 HPAI viruses investigate during varying epidemiological outline. We investigated spatiotemporal patterns to/from within 2021-2022 waves, providing evidence ongoing transmission dynamics disease epidemiology. demonstrated genetic diversity circulating viruses, which undergone frequent reassortment events, for first time a overview proposed nomenclature multiple genotypes 2020-2022. described emergence new genotype gull adapted genes, offered opportunity occupy ecological niches, driving endemicity population. The propensity reassortment, its jumps progressively wider number host species, including mammals, rapid acquisition adaptive mutations make trend spread difficult predict unfailing evolving scenario.

Язык: Английский

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Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for One Health mitigation measures

EFSA Journal, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22(4)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024

Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIV) remain prevalent among wild bird populations in the European Union and Economic Area (EU/EEA), leading to significant illness death of birds. Transmission between mammal species has been observed, particularly fur animal farms, where outbreaks have reported. While transmission from infected birds humans is rare, there instances exposure these since 2020 without any symptomatic infections reported EU/EEA. However, continue evolve globally, with migration birds, new strains carrying potential mutations for mammalian adaptation could be selected. If avian A(H5N1) acquire ability spread efficiently humans, large-scale occur due lack immune defences against H5 humans. The emergence AIV capable infecting mammals, including can facilitated by various drivers. Some intrinsic drivers are related virus characteristics or host susceptibility. Other extrinsic may increase mammals thereby stimulating mutation mammals. Extrinsic include ecology species, such as wildlife, human activities like farming practices use natural resources, climatic environmental factors. One Health measures mitigate risk adapting focus on limiting preventing spread. Key options actions enhancing surveillance targeting animals, ensuring access rapid diagnostics, promoting collaboration sectors, considering implementation preventive vaccination poultry. Effective communication different involved target audiences should emphasised, well strengthening veterinary infrastructure, enforcing biosecurity at reducing wildlife contact domestic animals. Careful planning poultry farming, especially areas high waterfowl density, highlighted effective reduction.

Язык: Английский

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Avian influenza overview September–December 2024

EFSA Journal, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 23(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Abstract Between 21 September and 6 December 2024, 657 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) A(H5N5) virus detections were reported in domestic (341) wild (316) birds across 27 countries Europe. Many HPAI outbreaks clustered areas with high poultry density characterised by secondary farm‐to‐farm spread. Waterfowl, particularly the mute swan, primarily affected during this reporting period, focused on south‐eastern Notably, viruses expanded their geographic host range, resulting a surge mortality events described gulls crows. No new mammals Europe but number of dairy cattle farms reportedly United States America (USA) rose to >800 16 States, was identified two pigs mixed‐species farm. 11 56 human cases infection from North (45 cases), Viet Nam (one A(H5)) China (ten A(H9N2) cases). Most A(H5) (95.6%, n = 43/45) had exposure poultry, live markets, or prior detection onset illness. Human infections remain rare no evidence human‐to‐human transmission has been documented period. The risk currently circulating clade 2.3.4.4b remains low for general public European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). low‐to‐moderate those occupationally otherwise exposed infected animals contaminated environments.

Язык: Английский

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Being ready for the next influenza pandemic?

The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 23(4), С. 398 - 399

Опубликована: Март 7, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections on fur farms connected to mass mortalities of black-headed gulls, Finland, July to October 2023

Eurosurveillance, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 29(25)

Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2024

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has caused widespread mortality in both wild and domestic birds Europe 2020-2023. In July 2023, HPAI A(H5N1) was detected on 27 fur farms Finland. total, infections silver blue foxes, American minks raccoon dogs were confirmed by RT-PCR. The pathological findings the animals include inflammatory lesions lungs, brain liver, indicating efficient systemic dissemination of virus. Phylogenetic analysis Finnish strains from identified three clusters (Finland I-III), molecular analyses revealed emergence mutations known to facilitate viral adaptation mammals PB2 NA proteins. Findings spatially temporally connected with mass mortalities birds. mechanisms virus transmission within between have not been conclusively identified, but several different routes relating limited biosecurity are implicated. outbreak managed close collaboration animal human health authorities mitigate monitor impact for health.

Язык: Английский

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Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in a Dog Infected by a Highly Pathogenic Avian A/H5N1 Virus

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 12(4), С. 689 - 689

Опубликована: Март 29, 2024

In summer 2023, during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in cats Poland, a 16-year-old dog was presented to the veterinary clinic with persistent, debilitating, dry cough, submandibular lymphadenomegaly, mild serous nasal discharge, and left apical heart murmur. A preliminary diagnosis kennel cough made treatment amoxicillin/clavulanic acid dexamethasone initiated. Due lack improvement within 2 days, blood check-up, thoracic radiography ultrasonography, echocardiography were performed. Moreover, rapid test for orthomyxovirus type antigen throat swab carried out proved positive. The result verified using RT-qPCR, which yielded positive A/H5N1 virus negative results A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B influenza, SARS-CoV-2. This case indicates that HPAI should be considered as differential not only cats, but also dogs upper respiratory tract disease, particularly regions experiencing outbreaks.

Язык: Английский

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