Development of scalable coastal and offshore kelp farming for marine biomass production
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
56(2)
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025
Abstract
The
US
DOE/ARPA‐E
MARINER
program
funded
a
4‐year
project
to
determine
an
optimal
way
grow
kelps
in
large,
nearshore
and
offshore
arrays
for
the
eventual
purpose
of
biofuel
production
with
goal
keeping
cost
below
$80
USD
per
dry
metric
ton
kelp.
This
specifically
looked
at
how
Saccharina
latissima
can
be
grown
Gulf
Alaska
reach
that
goal.
There
were
three
major
aspects
research:
(1)
optimize
nursery
seeding
lines
outplanting;
(2)
design
economical,
modular
outplanting
structure;
(3)
develop
methods
efficiently
harvest
product.
Farm
designs
based
on
catenary
structures
use
spreader
bars
variable
spacing
grow‐lines
line
types.
makes
difference
yield.
Grow‐line
≥1.5
m
showed
about
50%
increase
(kg
−1
).
was
no
statistical
growth
whether
middle
or
outside
array,
but
type
perhaps
thickness
make
Sagging
caused
by
weight
mature
fronds
resulted
lower
depth.
Various
harvesting
approaches
tested
collaborating
farmers.
One
promising
innovation
is
large
bags
mesh
temporarily
holding
freshly
harvested
seawater.
Although
causes
sink,
packed
float,
allowing
temporary
storage
before
loading
vessel
heading
port
processing.
Another
advance
specially
built
vessel,
Harvest
Buddy
,
more
mechanized
faster
harvest.
A
techno‐economic
assessment
(TEA)
using
our
data
has
pointed
solutions
Язык: Английский
Hydrodynamic exposure – on the quest to deriving quantitative metrics for mariculture sites
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Окт. 18, 2024
This
work
attempts
to
define
metrics
for
hydrodynamic
exposure,
using
known
oceanographic
variables
provide
a
universal
site
assessment
method
mariculture
structures.
Understanding
environmental
conditions
driving
open-ocean
siting
is
crucial
in
establishing
consistent
ocean
governance,
minimizing
adverse
impacts,
and
facilitating
economically
sustainable
farm
operations.
To
metric
of
oceanic
associated
requirements
structural
design
operation
aquaculture
systems,
six
Exposure
Indices
(EI)
are
proposed
that
consider
physical
energy
levels
related
forces
at
site.
Four
the
indices
only
conditions,
while
other
two
also
dimensions
gear
exposed
external
loads.
These
are:
Velocity
(EV),
Reference
Depth
(EVRD),
Specific
Energy
(SEE),
Depth-integrated
Flux
(DEF),
Structure-centered
(SDE),
Drag-to-Buoyancy
Ratio
(SDBR).
While
these
derived
with
focus
on
structures,
they
may
have
applications
estimating
biological
stressors
operational
challenges.
The
exposure
were
evaluated
range
sites
around
world.
A
sensitivity
analysis
was
conducted
quantified
relationship
between
storm
event
return
period.
At
regional
scale,
hindcast
numerical
data
German
Bight
combined
calculations
50-year
extreme
values
used
calculate
map
each
index
spatially.
Resulting
maps
showed
not
simply
function
distance
from
shore.
show
plausible
performance
regarding
objective
sites.
authors
herein
present
engineering
communities
discussion,
application,
potential
adoption
one
or
more
indices.
Язык: Английский
The social science of offshore aquaculture: uncertainties, challenges and solution-oriented governance needs
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Сен. 3, 2024
Aquaculture
technology
is
on
the
move,
enabling
production
in
more
open
and
exposed
ocean
environments
around
world.
These
new
systems
offer
solutions
to
environmental
challenges
facing
conventional
aquaculture,
yet
technologies
also
create
social
while
potentially
exacerbating,
or
at
minimum
recreating,
others.
Offshore
aquaculture
research
governance
are
still
early
stages,
as
our
understanding
of
repercussions
associated
with
development.
This
paper
provides
an
evaluation
reflection
offshore
from
a
science
perspective
based
findings
modified
World
Café
group
discussion
method
including
thoughts
experiences
experts.
Key
uncertainties
lack
appropriate
regulatory
framework,
societal
perceptions
aquaculture’s
contribution
society
were
identified.
The
implications
these
discussed
well
need
for
sciences
address
through
transformative
transdisciplinary
approaches
that
bridge
society.
Язык: Английский
The effect of site exposure index on the required capacities of aquaculture structures
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2025
This
study
investigates
the
relationship
between
an
ocean
site's
Exposure
Index
and
required
capacity
of
finfish,
shellfish,
seaweed
aquaculture
structures.
provides
insights
into
efficacy
combining
design
significant
wave
height,
peak
periods,
horizontal
orbital
velocity
amplitudes,
current
speeds,
water
depth
a
single
index
representing
exposure.
The
research
builds
upon
exposure
indices
proposed
previously,
uses
Hydro-/Structural
Dynamic
Finite
Element
Analysis
(HS-DFEA)
to
quantify
structural
capacities
for
cultivation
structures
as
function
based
on
representative
sites
in
German
Bight
North
Sea.
selection
36
this
region
was
extreme
hydrodynamic
mean
bathymetric
conditions,
utilizing
k-means
clustering
approach
identify
collection
within
broad
range
environmental
conditions.
Through
detailed
analysis
dynamic
simulations
each
farm
type
under
50-year
storm
we
calculated
system
site.
We
then
evaluated
performance
depth,
distance
shore,
linear
predictors
normalized
capacities.
No
meaningful
existed
loads
or
nearest
coastline.
While
there
is
still
uncertainty
about
utility
predictor
loads,
found
that
Velocity
best
across
structure
types
by
slim
margin,
followed
closely
Specific
Energy,
at
Reference
Depth
5
m,
Structure-centered
Drag-to-Buoyancy
Ratio
(
R2
=
0.69,
0.61,
0.60,
0.60
respectively).
investigation
indicates
these
can
be
used
communicate
what
physical
conditions
structure's
capacity.
Язык: Английский
Mapping the global co-location potential of offshore wind energy and aquaculture production
Ocean & Coastal Management,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
263, С. 107605 - 107605
Опубликована: Март 6, 2025
Язык: Английский
Variations of aquaculture structures, operations, and maintenance with increasing ocean energy
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Окт. 31, 2024
Aquaculture
in
exposed
and/or
distant
ocean
sites
is
an
emerging
industry
and
field
of
study
that
addresses
the
need
to
improve
food
security
along
with
challenges
posed
by
expansion
urban
coastal
stakeholders
into
nearshore
sheltered
marine
waters.
This
move
necessitates
innovative
solutions
for
this
thrive
high-energy
environments.
Some
research
has
increased
understanding
physics,
hydrodynamics,
structural
requirements
enabling
development
appropriate
systems.
The
blue
mussel
(
Mytilus
edulis
),
New
Zealand
green
shell
or
lipped
Perna
canaliculus
Pacific
Oyster
(Magallana
gigas),
are
primary
targets
commercial
bivalve
aquaculture.
Researchers
members
actively
advancing
existing
structures
developing
new
methodologies
these
alternative
high-value
species
suitable
such
conditions.
For
macroalgae
(seaweed)
cultivation,
as
sugar
kelp
Saccharina
latissimi
oar
weed
Laminaria
digitata
sp.
Ecklonia
sp.),
longline
systems
commonly
used,
but
further
needed
withstand
fully
environments
productivity
efficiency.
In
finfish
aquaculture,
three
design
categories
open
net
pens
identified:
flexible
gravity
pens,
rigid
megastructures,
closed
submersible
pens.
As
aquaculture
ventures
more
demanding
environments,
a
concerted
focus
on
operational
efficiency
imperative.
publication
considers
progress
relating
aquaculture’s
seas,
particular
cultivation
bivalves,
macroalgae,
technologies
developments.
Язык: Английский
Finding the right spot: laws governing the siting of aquaculture activities
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2024
Marine
aquaculture
has
grown
enormously
in
recent
decades,
and
with
it
the
competition
for
space
suitable
aquaculture.
These
developments
have
limited
areas
available
and,
some
cases,
become
a
barrier
to
expansion.
In
response,
operations
moved
further
away
from
coast.
This
development
created
need
clearer
more
robust
approaches
comprehensively
describe
secure
sites
article
reviews
law
governing
siting
of
operations.
particular,
assesses
role
widely
used
term
“offshore”
Law
Sea
see
if
there
are
any
legal
aspects
that
be
considered
moving
towards
use
specific
concepts.
It
also
aims
inform
scientific
discussions
political
administrative
processes
on
identification,
description,
will
hopefully
contribute
sustainable
less
conflicted
long-term
development.
Язык: Английский
A probabilistic framework for offshore aquaculture suitability assessment using bivariate copulas
Aquacultural Engineering,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown, С. 102479 - 102479
Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2024
Язык: Английский
Synthesis of multinational marine aquaculture and clean energy co-location
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Авг. 12, 2024
Marine
co-location,
i.e.,
multiple
fixed
ocean
activities
operating
in
the
same
place
and
at
time,
can
maximize
space-
resource-use
efficiency
crowded
seascapes.
While
interest
grows,
commercial
use
is
nascent
collective
benefits
or
limitations
of
co-locating
aquatic
food
clean
energy
remains
scattered
throughout
literature.
In
this
study,
we
synthesize
multinational
findings
co-location
scientific
publications
(
N
=
102)
to
better
understand
patterns
knowledge
gaps
co-located
food-energy
nexus.
We
track
compare
(aquaculture)
(tidal,
offshore
wind,
wave)
activities,
noting
focus
(e.g.,
ecological),
motivation
impact/risk),
assessment
type
modeling),
as
well
nine
key
metrics
(depth,
distance
from
shore,
aquaculture
yield,
etc.),
mainly
for
co-location.
found
number
annual
increased
over
time
space
but
are
largely
concentrated
North
Sea
n
39).
also
about
half
include
aquaculture,
one-third
report
least
one
metric
–
reporting
yield
was
particularly
rare
1)
few
studies
focused
on
impact/risk
(n
7).
However,
conducting
a
targeted
post-hoc
evaluation
gray
literature
61),
due
region’s
importance
field,
showed
more
coverage
impacts/risk
liability)
similar
attention
aquaculture.
Of
papers
that
did
metrics,
ranges
depth
exceeded
those
reported
standalone
sectors,
indicating
could
be
facilitating
“push”
into
farther
and/or
deeper
exposed
waters.
Ultimately,
while
commonly
cited
literature,
shortage
like
possible
evaluations
though
provide
critical
insights
emphasizes
need
sharing
modeling
address
explore
uncertainty,
especially
production.
This
study
provides
needed
snapshot
marine
emerging
regions,
highlighting
understanding
aquaculture-energy
potential
oceans.
Язык: Английский
From “open ocean” to “exposed aquaculture”: why and how we are changing the standard terminology describing “offshore aquaculture”
Frontiers in Aquaculture,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
3
Опубликована: Ноя. 12, 2024
The
term
“offshore”
with
regards
to
aquaculture
has
hitherto
encompassed
various
perspectives,
including
technology,
geographic
location,
legal
jurisdiction,
and
more.
To
resolve
the
ambiguity
in
this
understand
its
implications
for
current
future
development,
should
be
resolved
into
two
separate
metrics:
distance
from
shore
energy
exposure.
United
Nations
Convention
on
Law
of
Sea
(UNCLOS)
distinguishes
between
internal
waters,
territorial
sea,
contiguous
zone,
exclusive
economic
zone
(EEZ),
high
seas,
but
currently
no
precise
definition
provisions,
therefore
applicable
laws
pertaining
aquaculture.
Regulating
a
multi-technology
sector
may
require
integrating
new
spatial
concepts
law
rather
than
merely
adapting
extending
regulatory
designs
include
production
concepts.
metrics
exposure
are
seen
as
range
specific
threshold,
allowing
continuum.
Distance
is
readily
quantified
baseline.
rigorously
quantify
exposure,
influence
interactions
oceanic
parameters
(water
depth,
water
current,
wave
height
period)
we
utilized
generate
six
indices.
These
main
contributions
which
physical
some
biological
required
site,
species,
technology
selection.
Four
shellfish,
three
seaweed,
finfish
sites
along
20
potential
were
examined
using
indices
association
index
determine
tolerances
structures
their
ability
cultivate
relevant
species.
Two
indices,
Specific
Exposure
Energy
(SEE)
Velocity
(EV),
selected
utilization
analysis
based
ease
use
applicability.
interaction
aspects
farm
operations
performance
explored.
developed
used
case
studies
presented
have
been
shown
useful
tools
general
assessment
that
will
species
equipment
selection
at
sites.
do
not
provide
definitive
answer
financial
success
site
requires
other
inputs
relating
infrastructure
costs,
annual
production,
port,
sales
strategy,
etc.
However,
creates
tool
describe
comprehensible
wide
stakeholders.
We
recommend
SEE
adopted
predominant
communicate
level
Язык: Английский