Oxford University Press eBooks,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown, С. 173 - 191
Опубликована: Июль 22, 2024
Abstract
Sometimes
a
person,
after
brain
injury,
displays
sleep-wake
cycles
but
has
severely
impaired,
or
entirely
absent,
responses
to
external
stimuli.
Traditionally,
attempts
have
been
made
distinguish
the
persistent
vegetative
state
(PVS)
from
minimally
conscious
(MCS).
However,
diagnostic
procedures
are
subject
high
error
rates
and
uncertainty.
There
is
also
realistic
possibility
that
midbrain
mechanisms
suffice
for
basic
valenced
experiences
even
if
cortical
injury
fully
prevents
patient
reporting
these
experiences.
Decisions
withdraw
treatment
should
be
based
on
comprehensive
best-interests
assessment,
not
PVS/MCS
distinction.
The
method
of
withdrawing
clinically
assisted
nutrition
hydration
(CANH)
would
acceptable
any
other
sentient
being,
alternatives
must
explored
discussed
by
inclusive,
democratic
processes.
In
cases
where
CANH
withdrawal
authorized,
clinicians
guaranteed
hastening
death
using
large
doses
sedatives
analgesics
will
lead
punishment.
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
6
Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2024
Human
brain
organoids,
aka
cerebral
organoids
or
earlier
"mini-brains",
are
3D
cellular
models
that
recapitulate
aspects
of
the
developing
human
brain.
They
show
tremendous
promise
for
advancing
our
understanding
neurodevelopment
and
neurological
disorders.
However,
unprecedented
ability
to
model
development
function
Oxford University Press eBooks,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июль 19, 2024
Abstract
Can
octopuses
feel
pain
and
pleasure?
What
about
crabs,
shrimps,
insects,
or
spiders?
How
do
we
tell
whether
a
person
unresponsive
after
severe
brain
injury
might
be
suffering?
When
does
fetus
in
the
womb
start
to
have
conscious
experiences?
Could
there
even
rudimentary
feelings
miniature
models
of
human
brain,
grown
from
stem
cells?
And
what
AI?
These
are
questions
edge
sentience,
they
subject
enormous,
disorienting
uncertainty.
The
stakes
immense,
neglecting
risks
can
terrible
costs.
We
need
err
on
side
caution,
yet
it’s
often
far
clear
‘erring
caution’
should
mean
practice.
going
too
far?
not
doing
enough?
Edge
Sentience
presents
comprehensive
precautionary
framework
designed
help
us
reach
ethically
sound,
evidence-based
decisions
despite
our
The
scientific
relationship
between
neuroscience
and
artificial
intelligence
is
generally
acknowledged,
the
role
that
their
long
history
of
collaboration
has
played
in
advancing
both
fields
often
emphasized.
Beyond
important
insights
provided
by
collaborative
development,
AI
raise
a
number
ethical
issues
are
explored
neuroethics
ethics.
Neuroethics
ethics
have
been
gaining
prominence
last
few
decades,
they
typically
carried
out
different
research
communities.
However,
considering
evolving
landscape
AI-assisted
neurotechnologies
various
conceptual
practical
intersections
neuroscience-such
as
increasing
application
neuroscientific
research,
healthcare
neurological
mental
diseases,
use
knowledge
inspiration
for
AI-some
scholars
now
calling
these
two
domains.
This
article
seeks
to
explore
how
can
stimulate
theoretical
and,
ideally,
governance
efforts.
First,
we
offer
some
reasons
reflection
on
innovations
AI.
Next,
dimensions
think
could
be
enhanced
cross-fertilization
subfields
We
believe
pace
fusion
development
innovations,
broad
underspecified
calls
responsibility
do
not
consider
from
will
only
partially
successful
promoting
meaningful
changes
applications.
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
13
Опубликована: Март 20, 2025
The
development
of
microphysiological
systems
(MPS)
is
pushing
ethical
standards
in
biomedical
research
to
a
breaking
point.
This
article
argues
that
only
perspective
drawing
from
engineering
ethics
will
be
able
address
the
new
challenges
raised
by
organoids
and
organs-on-chips.
Extending
progressively
scope
moral
questioning,
we
discuss
successively
following
areas:
i)
individual
consent:
when
cell
lines
are
generated
human
biomaterial
circulated
incorporated
into
biotechnologies
whose
life
cycle
far
exceed
envisioned
donors
manufacturers,
classic
notion
informed
consent
becomes
almost
obsolete,
or
at
least
needs
revisited.
ii)
Collective
deliberation:
MPSs
raise
many
expectations
for
animal
replacement
advancement
precision
regenerative
medicine.
management
these
prospects
different
stakeholders,
everyone,
itself
an
challenge
interface
science
society.
iii)
Consideration
novel
entities:
some
complex
may
endowed
with
status
near
future,
this
have
impact
on
how
researchers
treat
them
work
them.
Oxford University Press eBooks,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown, С. 23 - 42
Опубликована: Июль 22, 2024
Abstract
Sentience
has
broader
and
narrower
senses.
In
a
broad
sense,
it
refers
to
any
capacity
for
conscious
experience.
Conscious
experience
here
‘phenomenal
consciousness’,
the
idea
that
there
is
‘something
it’s
like’
be
you.
have
valenced
experiences:
experiences
feel
bad
or
good
subject,
such
as
of
pain
pleasure.
A
definition
sentience
can
common
ground,
despite
continuing
disagreement
about
nature
valence.
We
hope
current
definitions
consciousness’
will
superseded
by
more
informative
successors,
but
this
must
await
much
theoretical
consensus
than
currently
exists.
Valence,
meanwhile,
one
two
major
dimensions,
along
with
arousal,
structure
our
affective
experiences,
matters
most
from
an
ethical
point
view.
Medical Research Archives,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(2)
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Developing
drugs
for
brain
disorders
poses
significant
hurdles.
These
challenges
stem
from
the
scarcity
of
optimal
models
preclinical
drug
testing
and
often
observed
lack
translation
to
human
clinical
trials.
Further
complexity
arises
specific
targeting
required
in
many
disorders,
with
delivery
impeded
by
necessity
cross
blood-brain
barrier
(BBB).
As
such,
search
novel
efficient
platforms
development
is
a
vibrant
area
research.
In
acknowledgment
limitations
animal
tests
-
such
as
owing
species
differences
alignment
principles
reduction,
refinement,
replacement
(3Rs),
scientific
community
moving
towards
promoting
animal-free
plans.
this
context,
organoids
are
rapidly
emerging
potential
alternatives
traditional
methods.
early-stage
vitro
models,
mirroring
vivo
complexities,
hold
great
promise
disorders.
Stable
organoid
phenotypes
uncovering
disease-specific
features
could
soon
elevate
them
valuable
strategy
pharmaceutical
range
Recent
advancements
assay-ready
microfluidic
chips
present
considerable
application
development.
This
commentary
briefly
discusses
generation
their
existing
examples,
focusing
on
use
migraine,
prevalent,
complex,
disabling
disorder.
The
associated
opportunities
will
also
be
outlined.
BMC Medical Ethics,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(1)
Опубликована: Май 21, 2024
Certain
organoid
subtypes
are
particularly
sensitive.
We
explore
whether
moral
intuitions
about
the
heartbeat
warrant
unique
consideration
for
newly
advanced
contracting
cardiac
organoids.
Despite
heartbeat's
significance
in
organ
procurement
and
abortion
discussions,
we
argue
that
this
should
not
translate
into
implications
