BMC Pulmonary Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
24(1)
Опубликована: Июль 27, 2024
Abstract
The
lung
is
a
highly
mechanical
organ
as
it
exposed
to
approximately
10
9
strain
cycles,
(where
the
length
change
of
tissue
structure
per
unit
initial
length),
with
an
4%
amplitude
during
quiet
tidal
breathing
or
7
cycles
at
25%
heavy
exercises,
sighs,
and
deep
inspirations.
These
indices
have
been
reported
become
aberrant
in
diseases
such
acute
respiratory
distress
syndrome
(ARDS),
pulmonary
hypertension,
bronchopulmonary
dysplasia
(BPD),
idiopathic
fibrosis
(IPF),
asthma.
Through
recent
innovations,
various
vitro
systems/bioreactors
used
mimic
lung’s
developed.
Among
these,
Flexcell
tension
system
which
composed
bioreactors
that
utilize
variety
programs
apply
static
cyclic
on
different
cell-types
established
2D
monolayer
cultures
cell-embedded
3D
hydrogel
models,
has
enabled
assessment
response
cells
fibroblasts
health
disease.
Fibroblasts
are
main
effector
responsible
for
production
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)
proteins
repair
maintain
homeostasis
implicated
excessive
deposition
leads
fibrosis.
In
this
review,
we
summarise,
studies
bioreactor
assess
effects
structure,
function,
phenotype
homeostatic
conditions
abnormal
environments
associated
injury
We
show
these
revealed
regulate
fibroblast
proliferation,
ECM
protein
production,
inflammation
normal
diseased
lung.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(22), С. 16042 - 16042
Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2023
Bronchial
asthma
is
a
heterogeneous
disease
characterized
by
persistent
respiratory
system
inflammation,
airway
hyperreactivity,
and
airflow
obstruction.
Airway
remodeling,
defined
as
changes
in
wall
structure
such
extensive
epithelial
damage,
smooth
muscle
hypertrophy,
collagen
deposition,
subepithelial
fibrosis,
key
feature
of
asthma.
Lung
fibrosis
common
occurrence
the
pathogenesis
fatal
long-term
asthma,
it
associated
with
severity
resistance
to
therapy.
It
can
thus
be
regarded
an
irreversible
consequence
asthma-induced
inflammation
remodeling.
Asthma
heterogeneity
presents
several
diagnostic
challenges,
particularly
distinguishing
between
chronic
other
pulmonary
diseases
disruption
normal
lung
architecture
functions,
obstructive
disease.
The
search
for
instruments
that
predict
development
structural
lungs,
components
remodeling
difficult.
To
overcome
these
significant
efforts
are
being
directed
toward
discovery
investigation
molecular
characteristics
biomarkers
capable
different
types
well
disorders
similar
characteristics.
main
features
bronchial
etiology,
pathogenesis,
morphological
asthma-associated
successive
stages
one
process
will
discussed
this
review.
most
murine
models
progression
post-asthmatic
also
covered.
mechanisms
cellular
players
asthmatic
described
systematized
review
intended
help
new
markers
promising
therapeutic
targets
prediction
Respiratory Research,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 5, 2023
The
pulmonary
extracellular
matrix
(ECM)
is
a
macromolecular
structure
that
provides
mechanical
support,
stability
and
elastic
recoil
for
different
cells
including
the
lung
fibroblasts.
ECM
plays
an
important
role
in
development,
remodeling,
repair,
maintenance
of
tissue
homeostasis.
Biomechanical
biochemical
signals
produced
by
regulate
phenotype
function
various
fibroblasts
lungs.
Fibroblasts
are
structural
responsible
production
repair
proteins
(e.g.,
collagen
fibronectin).
During
injury
chronic
diseases
such
as
asthma,
idiopathic
fibrosis
(IPF)
obstructive
disease
(COPD),
abnormal
feedback
between
altered
disrupts
homeostasis
leads
to
vicious
cycle
fibrotic
changes
resulting
remodeling.
In
line
with
this,
using
3D
hydrogel
culture
models
embedded
have
enabled
assessment
mechanisms
involved
driving
defective
(fibrotic)
fibroblast
lung's
environment.
this
review,
we
provide
summary
studies
used
these
assess
regulation
on
health
respiratory
disease.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
26(7), С. 3038 - 3038
Опубликована: Март 26, 2025
Cardiovascular
diseases
(CVD),
the
leading
cause
of
death
worldwide,
and
their
strong
association
with
fibrosis
highlight
pressing
need
for
innovative
antifibrotic
therapies.
In
vitro
models
have
emerged
as
valuable
tools
replicating
cardiac
'in
a
dish',
facilitating
study
disease
mechanisms
serving
platforms
drug
testing
development.
These
in
systems
encompass
2D
3D
models,
each
its
own
limitations
advantages.
offer
high
reproducibility,
cost-effectiveness,
high-throughput
capabilities,
but
they
oversimplify
complex
fibrotic
environment.
On
other
hand,
provide
greater
biological
relevance
are
more
complex,
harder
to
reproduce,
less
suited
screening.
The
choice
model
depends
on
specific
research
question
stage
Despite
significant
progress,
challenges
remain,
including
integration
immune
cells
optimizing
scalability
throughput
highly
biomimetic
systems.
Herein,
we
review
recent
focus
shared
characteristics
remaining
challenges,
explore
how
organs
could
inspire
novel
approaches
research,
showcasing
potential
strategies
that
be
adapted
refine
myocardial
models.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Апрель 29, 2025
ABSTRACT
The
rise
in
chronic
lung
diseases
globally
and
the
corresponding
lag
drug
discovery
this
field
highlights
need
for
In
Vitro
models
closely
mimicking
Vivo
tissue.
Efforts
to
date
have
largely
focused
on
coculture
models,
often
neglecting
pulmonary
vasculature's
role
physiology
lacking
perfusability.
To
address
gap,
we
utilized
digital
light
processing
bioprinting
establish
a
complex
three‐dimensional
(3D)
vascularized
tri‐culture
airway
model.
Models
were
generated
using
photopolymerizable
bioink
consisting
of
80%
polyethylene
glycol
diacrylate
(PEGDA)
20%
gelatin
methacrylate
(GelMa)
printed
LUMENX+
bioprinter.
Stiffness,
diffusivity,
gel
expansion
characterized.
with
MRC‐5
fibroblasts
embedded
hydrogels,
while
EA.hy926
endothelial
cells
1HAEo‐
epithelial
seeded
luminal
surface
apical
domain,
respectively.
Endothelialization
was
achieved
by
coating
lumens
matrix
proteins,
followed
perfusion‐based
cell
seeding
uniform
distribution
via
rotating
Structural
characterization,
including
immunofluorescence
imaging,
lactate
dehydrogenase
(LDH)
viability,
interleukin‐6
interleukin‐8
quantification
performed
following
cigarette
smoke
extract
(CSE)
exposure.
PEGDA/GelMa
80:20
hydrogels
had
Young's
modulus
10.7
kPa,
expanded
101.5%
volume
107%
weight
after
24
h
phosphate‐buffered
saline,
turned
completely
blue
12
exposure
0.1%
methylene
blue.
Immunofluorescence
staining
revealed
an
intact
layer
demonstrated
E‐cadherin
expression.
Lung
retained
their
spindle
shape
dendritic
extensions
as
shown
F‐actin
staining.
Propidium
iodide
80‐90%
viability.
Cigarette
significantly
increased
IL‐6
IL‐8
release,
but
not
LDH
release.
A
multiplex
assay
distinct
immune
mediator
profiles
clustering
between
co‐cultures
tri‐cultures
at
baseline,
underscoring
differences
intercellular
communication.
This
study
successfully
engineered
characterized
3D
bioprinted
model
that
mimics
human
airways.
is
adaptable
future
studies
incorporating
additional
types,
primary
cells,
or
modified
designs
protocols.
Biomedicines,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
11(8), С. 2104 - 2104
Опубликована: Июль 26, 2023
Childhood
asthma
is
a
chronic
inflammatory
airway
disorder
that
can
drive
tissue
remodeling.
Neutrophils
are
amongst
the
most
prominent
cells
contributing
to
disease
manifestations
and
may
exert
potent
role
in
progression
of
inflammation
fibrosis.
However,
their
exacerbation
still
understudied.
Here,
we
investigate
association
between
neutrophil
extracellular
traps
(NETs)
lung
fibroblasts
childhood
pathophysiology
using
serum
samples
from
pediatric
patients
during
exacerbation.
Cell-based
assays
NETs/human
fetal
fibroblast
co-cultures
were
deployed.
Increased
levels
NETs
interleukin
(IL)-17A
detected
sera
children
The
vitro
stimulation
control
neutrophils
resulted
IL-17A-enriched
NET
formation.
subsequent
co-incubation
with
vitro-generated
led
acquire
pre-fibrotic
phenotype,
as
assessed
via
enhanced
CCN2
expression,
migratory/healing
capacity,
collagen
release.
These
data
uncover
important
pathogenic
NET/IL-17A
axis
exacerbation,
linking
dysfunction
Molecular Oncology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
18(7), С. 1759 - 1776
Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2024
Metabolism
plays
a
crucial
role
in
regulating
the
function
of
immune
cells
both
health
and
disease,
with
altered
metabolism
contributing
to
pathogenesis
cancer
many
inflammatory
diseases.
The
local
microenvironment
has
profound
impact
on
cells.
Therefore,
immunological
metabolic
heterogeneity
as
well
spatial
organization
tissues
should
be
taken
into
account
when
studying
immunometabolism.
Here,
we
highlight
challenges
investigating
communication.
Additionally,
review
capabilities
limitations
current
technologies
for
inflamed
microenvironments,
including
single-cell
omics
techniques,
flow
cytometry-based
methods
(Met-Flow,
energetic
by
profiling
translation
inhibition
(SCENITH)),
cytometry
time
flight
(CyTOF),
cellular
indexing
transcriptomes
epitopes
sequencing
(CITE-Seq),
mass
spectrometry
imaging.
Considering
importance
diseased
states,
also
discuss
applications
metabolomics
clinical
research,
some
hurdles
overcome
implement
these
techniques
standard
practice.
Finally,
provide
flowchart
assist
scientists
designing
effective
strategies
unravel
immunometabolism
disease-relevant
contexts.