Breast Milk, a Source of Beneficial Microbes and Associated Benefits for Infant Health

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 12(4), С. 1039 - 1039

Опубликована: Апрель 9, 2020

Human breast milk is considered the optimum feeding regime for newborn infants due to its ability provide complete nutrition and many bioactive health factors. Breast associated with improved infant immune development, less incidences of gastrointestinal disease lower mortality rates than formula fed infants. As well as providing fundamental nutrients growing infant, a source commensal bacteria which further enhance by preventing pathogen adhesion promoting gut colonisation beneficial microbes. While was initially sterile fluid microbes isolated were contaminants, it now widely accepted that home own unique microbiome. The origins in have been subject much debate, however, possibility an entero-mammary pathway allowing transfer from maternal mammary gland one potential pathway. derived strains can be regarded probiotics; therefore, studies focused on isolating subsequent use markets. This review aims discuss development preparation lactation explore microbial composition human microbiota focus probiotic development.

Язык: Английский

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Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Trends in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 29(8), С. 667 - 685

Опубликована: Фев. 5, 2021

An expanding range of candidate probiotic species and prebiotic substrates is emerging to address newly elucidated data-driven microbial niches host targets.Overlapping with, adjacent to, the fields, new variants microbiome-modulating interventions are developing, including synbiotics, postbiotics, consortia, live biotherapeutic products, genetically modified organisms, with renewed interest in polyphenols, fibres, fermented foods.Personalised nutrition precision medicine beginning influence application probiotics prebiotics, growing modulation signatures health disease.Demand for prebiotics across divergent product formats driving innovation quality assurance techniques measure dose, viability, structural functional integrity. Recent ongoing developments microbiome science enabling frontiers research prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, applications currently under study have potential change scientific understanding as well nutritional healthcare these interventions. The expansion related fields microbiome-targeted interventions, an evolving landscape implementation regulatory, policy, prescriber, consumer spheres, portends era significant change. In this review we examine recent, emerging, anticipated trends science, create a vision broad areas developing field. Probiotics (see Glossary) received escalating attention recent years scientific, healthcare, public arenas. Publicity around has also broadened perception microorganisms, beyond disease-causing agents that should be avoided, more rational view integrating beneficial roles microorganisms human health. line advances, awareness acceptance continues expand [1.Chin-Lee B. et al.Patient experience use community-based care settings.Patient Prefer. Adhere. 2014; 8: 1513-1520PubMed Google Scholar], industry growth estimated at 7% annually [2.Jackson S.A. al.Improving end-user trust commercial products.Front. Microbiol. 2019; 10: 739Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) forecast 12.7% over next 8 [3.Mano M.C.R. al.Oligosaccharide biotechnology: approach revolution on industry.Appl. Biotechnol. 2018; 102: 17-37Crossref (40) Scholar]. While there general beneficial, still gap definitions terms 'probiotics' 'prebiotics', their benefits health, how they function, where find best sources food products Scholar,4.Viana J.V. al.Probiotic foods: attitudes.Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2008; 43: 1577-1580Crossref (30) Both increasingly incorporated into wide foods, beverages, topical (even toilet paper), some cases questionable or no validation any benefit host, requirement existing consensus definitions. field, both clearly established, International Scientific Association Prebiotics (ISAPP) having convened panels whereby experts reviewed published behind [5.Hill C. al.Expert document. statement scope appropriate term probiotic.Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11: 506-514Crossref (2566) Scholar] [6.Gibson G.R. document: definition prebiotics.Nat. 2017; 14: 491-502Crossref (1252) conclusions highlighted play integral role status. Some key mechanisms been (Box 1) used variety states, prophylactically therapeutically.Box 1Mechanisms Action PrebioticsMechanisms action complex, diverse, heterogeneous, often strain- compound-specific. many described, remain calls increased understanding, especially structure–function explanations observed effects long-term influences [134.Kleerebezem M. al.Understanding mode can drive translational pipeline towards reliable probiotics.Curr. Opin. 56: 55-60Crossref (26) Scholar,152.Plaza-Diaz al.Mechanisms probiotics.Adv. Nutr. S49-S66Crossref (96) Scholar,153.Monteagudo-Mera A. al.Adhesion mediated by impact health.Appl. 103: 6463-6472Crossref (91) Scholar].Probiotics interact via molecular effectors present cell structure secreted metabolic products. Probiotic metabolites act microbiota crossfeeding interactions, changes gastrointestinal microenvironment (e.g., pH lowering), competition nutrients binding sites, inhibition production strain-specific antibacterial compounds bacteriocins [133.Lebeer S. al.Identification effector molecules: state future perspectives.Curr. 49: 217-223Crossref (90) Such microbiota-directed contribute ability mediate pathogen overgrowth states such vaginal oral dysbioses [153.Monteagudo-Mera Scholar].With regard cells, molecules directly receptors intestinal epithelial, enteroendocrine, immune cells vagal afferent fibres. These interactions produce local gut effects, enhancement barrier integrity inflammation Toll-like receptors), systemic immune, endocrine, nervous system mediators perform enzymatic metabolism bile salts ingested xenobiotics [152.Plaza-Diaz Specific surface-associated include pili, lipoteichoic acids, exopolysaccharides, various surface-layer proteins, which therefore delivery Scholar].Classical through consumption substrate specific groups within microbiota, promoting activity. Provision select group/s bacteria indirectly other bacterial – inhibitory displacement. Resulting composition metabolite concentrations from administration nervous, endocrine signalling improvements bowel response, glucose lipid metabolism, bone regulation appetite satiety Chief by-products SCFAs acetate, butyrate, propionate, recognised systems facilitate [10.Blaak E.E. al.Short chain fatty acids health.Benefic. Microbes. 2020; 411-455Crossref (3) Scholar].In addition nutritive microbes, receptors, modulating epithelial function [154.Brosseau al.Prebiotics: preventive allergy.Nutrients. 1841Crossref (6) Mechanisms With Classical Currently, multiple spheres acting (Figure 1). Broad technological advances data collection analytical tools exploration providing deeper insights host. Interest grow conditions, body population subgroups, formats. Furthermore, evolution regulatory frameworks, clinical guidelines influencing healthcare. As our knowledge each integrated shaping timely. Traditionally, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, lactic acid-producing (LAB) probiotics, primarily isolated dairy faecal microbiome. breadth its functions expanded, holds discovery approaches [7.Veiga P. al.Moving probiotics.Nat. 5: 878-880Crossref (5) taxa. Developments affordable complete genome sequencing powerful cultivation methods allowed isolation characterisation microbiomes opportunity developed next-generation [8.O'Toole P.W. al.Next-generation probiotics: spectrum biotherapeutics.Nat. 2: 17057Crossref (213) 2). Various bacteria, Roseburia intestinalis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium spp., Bacteroides spp. Akkermansia muciniphila, Scholar,9.Brodmann T. al.Safety novel microbes consumption: practical examples assessment European Union.Front. 1725Crossref (64) candidates represent proportion cultivable offer physiological not always conferred bifidobacteria bioactives Converting industrially viable presents challenges rich media anaerobic conditions adds cost complexity, investment determining optimal fermentation manufacturing processes time. Despite difficulties, muciniphila one promising candidates. Isolated 2004 [11.Derrien al.Akkermansia gen. nov., sp. mucin-degrading bacterium.Int. Syst. Evol. 2004; 54: 1469-1476Crossref (843) it tested preclinical animal models shown prevent development obesity, pasteurisation increasing stability efficacy species. Initial proof-of-concept studies taken place humans pasteurised safe improves several parameters [12.Depommier al.Supplementation overweight obese volunteers: exploratory study.Nat. Med. 25: 1096-1103Crossref (332) Live already market multispecies synbiotic preparation, containing inulin, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, Anaerobutyricum hallii) was improve levels type 2 diabetics [13.Perraudeau F. al.Improvements postprandial control subjects diabetes: multicenter, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial formulation.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care. 8e001319Crossref (1) will only source strains Niches strong species, targets intervention, female urogenital tract, cavity, nasopharyngeal skin [14.Maguire Maguire G. health.Arch. Dermatol. 309: 411-421Crossref (24) Scholar, 15.George V.T. al.The periodontal therapy.J. Int. Oral Heal. 2016; 404-408Google 16.Cribby al.Vaginal probiotics.Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2008 (art. 256490)Crossref Species genera associated regions being investigated restore populations homeostasis disease states. Examples commensal isolate Staphylococcus hominis eczema atopic dermatitis [17.Nakatsuji al.Antimicrobials protect against aureus deficient dermatitis.Sci. Transl. 9eaah4680Crossref (362) Lactobacillus crispatus dysbiosis [18.Reid health.J. AOAC 2012; 95: 31-34Crossref (29) Fermented foods most common natural potentially LAB, benefits, reduced risk diabetes cardiovascular diseases [19.Marco M.L. al.Health beyond.Curr. 44: 94-102Crossref (363) putatively metabolomic profile [20.Taylor B.C. al.Consumption systematic differences metabolome.mSystems. 5e00901-19Crossref (13) likely major LAB [21.Pasolli E. al.Large-scale genome-wide analysis links acid microbiome.Nat. Commun. 2610Crossref show development. unfermented may fruits, vegetables, grains/cereals, dairy, meat fish honey, environmental soil [22.Zielińska D. Kolożyn-Krajewska Food-origin exhibit properties: Review.Biomed. 2018 5063185)Crossref core heartlands target therapy subfertility [23.García-Velasco J.A. al.What fertility specialists know about microbiome: review.Reprod. BioMed. Online. 35: 103-112Abstract Full Text PDF (28) liver [24.Meroni nonalcoholic disease: insight therapeutic strategies.Nutrients. 2642Crossref mood disorders [25.Dinan T.G. al.Psychobiotics: class psychotropic.Biol. Psychiatry. 2013; 74: 720-726Abstract (510) cognition [26.Dinan Cryan J.F. microbiome–gut–brain axis disease.Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am. 46: 77-89Abstract [27.Seminario-Amez al.Probiotics health: A review.Med. Patol. Cir. Bucal. 22: e282-e288PubMed asthma [28.Spacova I. airway allergy: factors consider.Dis. Models Mech. 11dmm034314Crossref [29.Koutnikova H. al.Impact non-alcoholic variables: meta-analysis randomised controlled trials.BMJ Open. 9e017995Crossref (65) hypercholesterolaemia [30.Khare Gaur Cholesterol-lowering species.Curr. 77: 638-644Crossref (7) obesity [31.Brusaferro al.Is time treat obesity?.Nutrients. 1613Crossref (39) Significant emphasis placed investigating safety considered Many commonly exploited available generally recognized (GRAS) status USA belong qualified presumption (QPS) Safety Authority (EFSA), yet case history use. Submission GRAS, QPS, frameworks enable path commercialisation, pharmaceutical applications, example, category defined Drug Administration (FDA)i Directorate Quality Medicines [32.European Pharmacopoeia Commission 3053E General monograph products.Eur. Pharmacopoeia. (9.7)Google required [33.Rouanet al.Live road map assessment.Front. 7: 237Crossref comprising retrospective possible linked taxa considered, full sequence, antibiotic resistance genes, toxin transferrable genetic elements, virulence factors, proven models, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Phase I–III trials. evidence fall current 2), albeit attracting attention. consortia network synergistic [34.Vázquez-Castellanos al.Design synthetic modulation.Curr. Pharmacol. 52-59Crossref (8) augment single-strain organisms definition, if characterised Adjacent postbiotics 1An updated expert panel ISAPP, press. fragments [35.Aguilar-Toalá al.Postbiotics:

Язык: Английский

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Human milk oligosaccharides: Shaping the infant gut microbiota and supporting health

Journal of Functional Foods, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 72, С. 104074 - 104074

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2020

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are complex sugars which found in breast at significant concentrations and with unique structural diversity. These the fourth most abundant component of human after water, lipids, lactose yet provide no direct nutritional value to infant. Recent research has highlighted that HMOs have various functional roles play infant development. act as prebiotics by promoting growth beneficial intestinal bacteria thereby generating short-chain fatty acids critical for gut health. also directly modulate host-epithelial immune responses can selectively reduce binding pathogenic viruses epithelium preventing emergence a disease. This review covers current knowledge related biology their associated impact on

Язык: Английский

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Production of HMOs using microbial hosts — from cell engineering to large scale production

Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 56, С. 130 - 137

Опубликована: Ноя. 28, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Impact of maternal characteristics on human milk oligosaccharide composition over the first 4 months of lactation in a cohort of healthy European mothers

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 13, 2019

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition varies among lactating mothers and changes during the course of lactation period. Interindividual variation is largely driven by fucosyltransferase (FUT2 FUT3) polymorphisms resulting in 4 distinct groups. Little known regarding whether maternal physiological status contributes to HMO variability. We characterized trajectories 20 major HMOs explored pre-pregnancy body mass index (ppBMI), mode delivery, or parity may affect composition. Using longitudinal breastmilk samples from healthy (n = 290) across 7 European countries, we composion employed mixed linear models explore associations characteristics with individual HMOs. observed HMO-specific temporal group dependencies. relatively small but significant differences concentrations based on ppBMI, delivery parity. Our findings suggest that be regulated time-dependently an enzyme as well substrate availability influence physiology glycosylation marginally within initital period lactation. observational study largest standardized (up months) collection assessing basic characteristics. Time groups had biggest impact variation. Future studies need elucidate these observations assess significance for breastfed infant.

Язык: Английский

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Microbiota succession throughout life from the cradle to the grave

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 20(12), С. 707 - 720

Опубликована: Июль 29, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques to Elucidate the Sugar Code

Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 122(8), С. 7840 - 7908

Опубликована: Сен. 7, 2021

Cells encode information in the sequence of biopolymers, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and glycans. Although glycans are essential to all living organisms, surprisingly little is known about “sugar code” biological roles these molecules. The reason glycobiology lags behind its counterparts dealing with acids proteins lies complexity carbohydrate structures, which renders their analysis extremely challenging. Building blocks that may differ only configuration a single stereocenter, combined vast possibilities connect monosaccharide units, lead an immense variety isomers, poses formidable challenge conventional mass spectrometry. In recent years, however, combination innovative ion activation methods, commercialization mobility–mass spectrometry, progress gas-phase spectroscopy, advances computational chemistry have led revolution spectrometry-based glycan analysis. present review focuses on above techniques expanded traditional glycomics toolkit provided spectacular insight into structure fascinating biomolecules. To emphasize specific challenges associated them, major classes mammalian discussed separate sections. By doing so, we aim put spotlight most important element glycobiology: themselves.

Язык: Английский

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Functional effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)

Gut Microbes, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Март 17, 2023

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most important solid component in human and act tandem with other bioactive components. Individual HMO levels distribution vary greatly between mothers by multiple variables, such as secretor status, race, geographic region, environmental conditions, season, maternal diet, weight, gestational age mode of delivery. HMOs improve gastrointestinal barrier also promote a bifidobacterium-rich gut microbiome, which protects against infection, strengthens epithelial barrier, creates immunomodulatory metabolites. fulfil variety physiologic functions including potential support to immune system, brain development, cognitive function. Supplementing infant formula is safe promotes healthy development revealing benefits for microbiota composition infection prevention. Because limited data comparing effect non-human HMOs, it not known if offer an additional clinical benefit over oligosaccharides. Better knowledge factors influencing their will help understand short- long-term benefits.

Язык: Английский

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Linking human milk oligosaccharide metabolism and early life gut microbiota: bifidobacteria and beyond

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 88(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2024

SUMMARY Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex, multi-functional glycans present in human breast milk. They represent an intricate mix of heterogeneous structures which reach the infant intestine intact form as they resist gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, confer a multitude benefits, directly and/or indirectly, to developing neonate. Certain bifidobacterial species, being among earliest gut colonizers breast-fed infants, have adapted functional capacity metabolize various HMO structures. This ability is typically observed infant-associated bifidobacteria, opposed bifidobacteria associated with mature microbiota. In recent years, information has been gleaned regarding how these well certain other taxa able assimilate HMOs, including mechanistic strategies enabling their acquisition and consumption. Additionally, complex metabolic interactions occur between microbes facilitated by utilization breakdown products released from degradation. Interest HMO-mediated changes microbial composition function focal point numerous studies, times fueled availability individual biosynthetic some now commonly included formula. this review, we outline main assimilatory catabolic employed discuss that exhibit glycan degradation capacity, cover HMO-supported cross-feeding related metabolites described thus far.

Язык: Английский

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Nutritional interest of dietary fiber and prebiotics in obesity: Lessons from the MyNewGut consortium

Clinical Nutrition, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 39(2), С. 414 - 424

Опубликована: Март 9, 2019

The aim of EU project MyNewGut is to contribute future public health-related recommendations supported by new insight in gut microbiome and nutrition-host relationship. In this Opinion Paper, we first revisit the concept dietary fiber, taking into account their interaction with microbiota. This paper also summarizes main effects fibers prebiotic properties intervention studies humans, a particular emphasis on arabinoxylans arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides metabolic alterations associated obesity. Based existing state art development, elaborate steps required propose guidelines related fibers,

Язык: Английский

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