Methamphetamine as a street drug: effects, addiction, and associated risk factors DOI
Aleksandr Urakov

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16(1), С. 25 - 34

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2025

Methamphetamine is the most prevalent amphetamine-type stimulant, which often illicitly produced in clandestine or laboratory settings from prescription over-the-counter drugs. has more than 20 street names, with “crystal,” “glass,” and “hot ice” being among popular. Crystal methamphetamine resembles shards of colorless light blue glass; however, drug used as powders, tablets, pills, smoking mixtures, and/or solutions for injection. may be administered by various routes, including oral, rectal, respiratory (via vapor/smoke inhalation), intravenous injections), vaginal. It generally absorbed through mucous membranes crosses blood-brain barrier. The physiological effects are similar to those These result stimulation central nervous system, sympathetic part vegetative cardiovascular simultaneous suppression digestive tract function. Therefore, this group psychological epinephrine, known fight-or-flight response. changes include mental abilities, attention, reactivity, alertness, anxiety (vigilance); improvement mood (elimination depression symptoms) self-esteem; insomnia; increased muscle activity; fatigue relief (the doping effect). They also provoke heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, perspiration, sugar levels accompanied appetite; constriction peripheral arterial vessels; bronchial pupillary dilation; decreased peristalsis atonic intestines, stomach, gallbladder, biliary tract, ureters; reduced secretory function glands; dry mouth. High doses induce paranoia, exacerbation schizophrenia, seizures, collapse, stroke, death. typically persist 6–12 h, maximum duration reaching up 24 h at high doses. biological half-life adults 4–5 h. substance recognized a highly addictive potential abuse. Consequently, it classified narcotic worldwide.

Язык: Английский

IUPHAR Review: Eating Disorders, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Epigenetic Aberrations DOI Creative Commons
Shabnam Nohesara, Hamid M. Abdolmaleky, Giuseppe Pettinato

и другие.

Pharmacological Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 213, С. 107653 - 107653

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2025

Eating disorders (EDs) are a heterogeneous class of increasing mental that characterized by disturbances in eating behaviors, body weight regulation, and associated psychological dysfunctions. These create physiological imbalances alter the diversity composition gut microbiota. While evidence suggests EDs can arise from epigenetic aberrations, alterations microbial communities may also contribute to development and/or persistence through mechanisms. Understanding interplay among communities, processes, risk provides opportunities for designing preventive therapeutic interventions microbiome modulation. This review highlights how microbiome-based therapeutics specific dietary improving various subtypes modulating mitigating aberrations. First, we briefly literature on links between aberrations pathophysiology EDs. Second, examine potential role pathogenesis Next, explore associations other psychiatric disorders, roles their pathogenesis. Finally, present supporting improve modifications.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Epigenetic factors in posttraumatic stress disorder resilience and susceptibility DOI Creative Commons
Majeed M. A. Ali,

Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed,

Yuliang Wang

и другие.

Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(1)

Опубликована: Март 20, 2025

Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 8% of the US population, with varying susceptibility among individuals exposed to trauma. While genetic factors contribute PTSD risk, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in translating environmental exposures into lasting neurobiological changes. Purpose This review provides comprehensive analysis cutting-edge research on PTSD, particular emphasis novel findings regarding resilience and mechanisms. We explore recent technological advances their applications understanding pathophysiology. Main body Advanced epigenomic approaches have revealed complex interactions between DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs PTSD. Novel highlight cell type-specific signatures temporal dynamics following trauma exposure. Single-cell studies identified previously unknown cellular heterogeneity responses. Recent data modifications not only influence individual but may also transgenerational transmission effects. Integrative multi-omics new insights molecular networks underlying vulnerability. Conclusion unprecedented complexity These open avenues for personalized interventions based profiles suggest therapeutic strategies targeting modifications. enhanced has significant implications risk assessment, prevention, treatment. Graphical abstract

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Cell-type specific epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms in substance use disorder DOI Creative Commons
Bin Wang,

Jiale Wang,

Nicholas J. Beacher

и другие.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 19

Опубликована: Март 28, 2025

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic and relapse-prone neuropsychiatric disease characterized by impaired brain circuitry within multiple cell types neural circuits. Recent advancements in single-cell transcriptomics, epigenetics, circuit research have unveiled molecular cellular alterations associated with SUD. These studies provided valuable insights into the transcriptional epigenetic regulation of neuronal non-neuronal cells, particularly context drug exposure. Critical factors influencing susceptibility individuals to SUD include gene expression during early developmental stages, neuroadaptive responses psychoactive substances, gene-environment interactions. Here we briefly review some these mechanisms underlying SUD, an emphasis on their crucial roles plasticity maintenance addiction relapse cell-types. We foresee possibility integrating multi-omics technologies devise targeted personalized therapeutic strategies aimed at both prevention treatment By utilizing advanced methodologies, can gain deeper understanding fundamental biology paving way for more effective interventions.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0
Methamphetamine as a street drug: effects, addiction, and associated risk factors DOI
Aleksandr Urakov

Psychopharmacology & biological narcology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16(1), С. 25 - 34

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2025

Methamphetamine is the most prevalent amphetamine-type stimulant, which often illicitly produced in clandestine or laboratory settings from prescription over-the-counter drugs. has more than 20 street names, with “crystal,” “glass,” and “hot ice” being among popular. Crystal methamphetamine resembles shards of colorless light blue glass; however, drug used as powders, tablets, pills, smoking mixtures, and/or solutions for injection. may be administered by various routes, including oral, rectal, respiratory (via vapor/smoke inhalation), intravenous injections), vaginal. It generally absorbed through mucous membranes crosses blood-brain barrier. The physiological effects are similar to those These result stimulation central nervous system, sympathetic part vegetative cardiovascular simultaneous suppression digestive tract function. Therefore, this group psychological epinephrine, known fight-or-flight response. changes include mental abilities, attention, reactivity, alertness, anxiety (vigilance); improvement mood (elimination depression symptoms) self-esteem; insomnia; increased muscle activity; fatigue relief (the doping effect). They also provoke heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, perspiration, sugar levels accompanied appetite; constriction peripheral arterial vessels; bronchial pupillary dilation; decreased peristalsis atonic intestines, stomach, gallbladder, biliary tract, ureters; reduced secretory function glands; dry mouth. High doses induce paranoia, exacerbation schizophrenia, seizures, collapse, stroke, death. typically persist 6–12 h, maximum duration reaching up 24 h at high doses. biological half-life adults 4–5 h. substance recognized a highly addictive potential abuse. Consequently, it classified narcotic worldwide.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

0